Struggling to survive: sexual assault, poverty, and mental health outcomes of African American women

Bryant-Davis, Thema; Ullman, Sarah E.; Tsong, Yuying; Tillman, Shaquita; Smith, Kimberly

doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01007.x

Cited by 112Sexual Assault and Victimization StudiesChild Abuse and TraumaIntimate Partner and Family Violence

Struggling to survive: sexual assault, poverty, and mental health outcomes of African American women

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Bryant-Davis, Thema, Ullman, Sarah E., Tsong, Yuying, Tillman, Shaquita, Smith, Kimberly·2010·American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

DOI 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01007.xPMC PMC3870142

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Abstract

A substantial body of research documents the mental health consequences of sexual assault including, but not limited to, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, substance use, and suicidality. Far less attention has been given to the mental health effects of sexual assault for ethnic minority women or women living in poverty. Given African American women's increased risk for sexual assault and increased risk for persistent poverty, the current study explores the relationship between income and mental health effects within a sample of 413 African American sexual assault survivors. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that after controlling for childhood sexual abuse there were positive relationships between poverty and mental health outcomes of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and illicit drug use. There was no significant relationship between poverty and suicidal ideation. Counseling and research implications are discussed.

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Lower income is associated with an increased risk for the development of PTSD in rape exposed samples.
“For example, younger age (Ullman et al., 2007), being single (Mgoqi-Mbalo et al., 2017), a lower level of education (Ullman and Filipas, 2001) and lower income (Bryant-Davis et al., 2010) has been associated with an increased risk for the development of PTSD in rape exposed samples”
From Risk and protective factors affecting the symptom trajectory of posttraumatic stress disorder post-rape (2022) · cites this paper as Bryant-Davis et al., 2010
Childhood trauma exposure increases the likelihood of PTSD post-rape.
“Childhood trauma exposure (Ullman et al., 2007;Bryant-Davis et al., 2010;Nishith et al., 2000) and adult cumulative lifetime trauma exposure (Elklit and Christiansen, 2013;Möller et al., 2014;Ullman et al., 2007) has been found to increase the likelihood of PTSD post-rape across several studies.”
From Risk and protective factors affecting the symptom trajectory of posttraumatic stress disorder post-rape (2022) · cites this paper as Bryant-Davis et al., 2010
Depression and alcohol use covary with PTSD symptom severity postrape.
“and both covary with PTSD symptom severity postrape (Möller et al., 2014;Mgoqi-Mbalo et al., 2017;Bryant-Davis et al., 2010;Breslau et al., 2000;Resnick et al., 2013;Resnick et al., 2012;Testa et al., 2007;Kaysen et al., 2006;Kilpatrick et al., 2003).”
From Risk and protective factors affecting the symptom trajectory of posttraumatic stress disorder post-rape (2022) · cites this paper as Bryant-Davis et al., 2010
Depression, perceived stress and problematic alcohol use are highly comorbid with PTSD and prevalent following rape.
“Depression, perceived stress and problematic alcohol use are highly comorbid with PTSD and prevalent following rape (Möller et al., 2014;Mgoqi-Mbalo et al., 2017;Bryant-Davis et al., 2010;Breslau et al., 2000;Resnick et al., 2013;Resnick et al., 2012;Testa et al., 2007;Kaysen et al., 2006;Kilpatrick et al., 2003).”
From Risk and protective factors affecting the symptom trajectory of posttraumatic stress disorder post-rape (2022) · cites this paper as Bryant-Davis et al., 2010

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Ballou M Hill M West C 2008 Feminist therapy theory and practice: A contemporary perspective New York Springer
Bryant-Davis T Tillman S Tsong Y Chung H Shervey S Johnson T (under review) Socio-economic influences on intimate partner abuse of African American mothers
Enns CZ Byars-Winston A Landrine H Russo NF 2009 Multicultural Feminist Therapy Handbook of diversity in feminist psychology 367 388 New York Springer Publishing Co

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Authors: Bryant-Davis, T., Ullman, S. E., Tsong, Y., Tillman, S., & Smith, K.
Affiliations: Pepperdine University (US)
University of Illinois Chicago (US)
ORCID: Ullman, Sarah E.
Tsong, Yuying
Venue: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2010-01
Volume: 80
Issue: 1
Pages: 61-70
ISSN: 0002-9432 (ISSN-L)
1939-0025
DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01007.x
PMC: PMC3870142
OpenAlex: W2048076952
Cited by: 112
References: 93
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5
FWCI: 6.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA13455)
Topics: Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
Keywords: sexual assault, African American women, poverty, mental health outcomes, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, illicit drug use, suicidal ideation, child sexual abuse, income, ethnic minority women
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Black or African American, Child Abuse, Sexual, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Poverty, Rape, Regression Analysis, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Suicide, United States, Logistic Models, Survivors, Substance-Related Disorders, Adult Survivors of Child Abuse, Young Adult

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Struggling to survive: sexual assault, poverty, and mental health outcomes of African American women

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