Experiences of depression: Theoretical, clinical, and research perspectives.

“Instead, parents who show respect for their children’s inner needs and standards are likely to stimulate the identity synthesis and by this way the expression of lesser levels of internalizing difficulties (Blatt, 2004).”

“Further, according to the symptom specificity hypothesis self-criticism is related not only to depressive symptoms, but also to obsessive-compulsive symptoms and symptoms centered around aggressive urges (Blatt 2004).”

“Dependency has been discussed for decades as a specific cognitive-personality factor that might contribute to vulnerability to depression (see Blatt, 2004; Coyne & Whiffen, 1995; Zuroff, Mongrain, & Santor, 2004).”

“7 and demanding expectations for achievement (Blatt, 2004), they are unlikely to regulate their behavior on the basis of personally endorsed interests and preferences (low autonomy need satisfaction) and even more likely to experience a sense of internal pressure to meet expectations (autonomy need frustration).”

“, Swanson, Beckwith, & Howard, 2000), and increased depression (Blatt, 2004).”

“shown that depressed patients with high levels of selfcritical perfectionism may negatively respond to brief, time-focused treatments.(13,14,22) Individuals with high levels of self-critical perfectionism may perceive the limited number of sessions as thwarting their need for”

“Depressive complaints are more related to the experience of failure to live up to these standards and feelings of inferiority and guilt [5, 6, 8].”

“…as expressed in high levels of dependency (Blatt & Shichman, 1983) or sociotropy (Beck, 1983, 1999 ), or in an excessive focus on achievement and selfdefinition, as expressed in high levels of self-critical perfectionism (Blatt, 2004; Blatt & Shichman, 1983) or autonomy (Beck, 1983, 1999 ).”

“Different facets of Impulsivity were believed to characterize Dependent as opposed to Self-critical individuals, since the pathological behaviors of individuals who are Dependent or Self-critical reflect different preoccupations, vulnerabilities, motivations, and characteristic patterns of interacting in their respect…”

“Empirical findings have repeatedly shown that self-criticism is a severe vulnerability factor for depression (e.g., Besser & Priel, 2011; Blatt, 2004; Gilbert, Clarke, Kempel, Miles, & Irons, 2004), as it generates risk factors, such as the use of avoidant coping strategies, and reduces the effects of protective facto…”

“The authors developed a Q-sort measure with the aim to investigate the heterogeneous and multidimensional nature of chronic depression following Blatt’s (1974, 2004) Two-Configurations model that distinguishes between anaclitic (dependent) and introjective (self-critical) depression.”

“The work of Blatt (2004) concerning these two dimensions, based on investigations characterized by consistent results, provides a valuable guide for the psychoanalytic clinician in understanding the reaction to different types of loss and the types of symptoms that predominate in clinical…”

“Research by Blatt and Zuroff and associates has shown that Self-criticism is relatively difficult to treat and is best suited to long-term interventions and that, as a result, direct efforts to reduce Self-criticism might not be appropriate (for a recent extensive review see Blatt, 2004).”

“Research has demonstrated that both dependency and self criticism are important vulnerability factors for psychopathology and for depression in particular (Blatt 2004; Luyten and Blatt 2013; Zuroff et al. 2004).”

“588 Blatt, S. J. (1974). Levels of object representation in analytic and introjective depression.”

“Consistent with the two-polarities models, a considerable body of research has demonstrated that high levels of self-critical perfectionism and, to a somewhat lesser extent, maladaptive levels of dependency play important roles in the onset and course of depression (Blatt, 2004; Leichsenring and Schauenburg, 2014; Luy…”

“He is perfectionistic and critical of himself when he does not meet his unrealistically high standards and believes others will be critical of him, as well (Blatt, 1974, 2004).”

“…emotional awareness and self-reported acting out; psychotic and borderline individuals’ descriptions of their parents are less differentiated, less conceptually complex, more negative and more ambivalent compared to a non-clinical sample (Blatt, 2004, 2008; Blatt, Auerbach, & Levy 1997).”

“On the other hand, research has shown that a distant interpersonal stance (Desmet et al., 2007) and rigidity (Blatt, 2004) are also related to autonomy or self-criticism.”

“Excessive self-criticism is a personality vulnerability factor that can cause and sustain various psychological difficulties and disorders (e.g. Blatt and Shichman 1983; Blatt 2004; Falconer et al.”

“For example, future studies could examine the moderating role of adolescents’ dispositional mindfulness (Brown & Ryan, 2003) or self-critical perfectionism (Blatt, 2004), as both have previously been shown to influence stress reactivity (e.g., Bekes et al., 2015; Weinstein et al., 2009).”

“They are more likely to respond to daily hassles, or negative life events, with greater distress (e.g., Besser & Priel, 2010; Blatt, 2004; Blatt & Zuroff, 1992; Kopala-Sibley & Zuroff, 2014; Sherry, Gautreau, Mushquash, Sherry, & Allen, 2014).”

“This personality style is implicated in poor personal and social functioning and adjustment throughout adolescence and adulthood (Blatt, 2004).”

“People with preoccupied and fearful attachment styles, who grew up within a compromised parenting environment, actually develop a sense of the self as being worthless and others as being rejecting or malevolent [7], perceive relational distress, and excessively worry about the availability and responsiveness of others…”

“Blatt (2004) goes on to recall that while the depression of the second patient resembled most closely the typical description of depression in much of twentieth-century psychiatry, descriptions of the depressive experience of the first patient were, with some important exceptions, remarkably absent…”

“The relationship between self-criticism and depression is wellestablished (Blatt, 2004; Gilbert, Clarke, Hempel, Miles, & Irons, 2004; Werner, Tibubos, Rohrmann, & Reiss, 2019).”

“Therefore, the role of loneliness and emptiness, which often characterize depression (Blatt, 2004; Klonsky, 2008), may mediate this association and this pathway should be examined in future studies.”

“Self-criticism has mostly been described as a personality trait that leads people to experience frustration and anger toward themselves when they face setbacks and failures (Blatt, 2004; Gilbert et al., 2004).”

“…promising step for a future study would, for example, be to distinguish between the two different developmentally determined subtypes of depression (Blatt, 2004): “anaclictic” or dependent depression (preoccupied by themes of abandonment and loss) and “introjective” depression (preoccupied by…”

“So it is of little wonder that psychoanalysis produced work impacting detailed clinical practice (Sullivan, 1953), philosophy, poetry, and cultural studies (Chodorow, 1989; Schaffer, 1976), as well as empirical clinical psychology and neuroscience (Blatt, 2004; Emde, 1988; Fonagy, Gergely, Jurist, & Target, 2002), inc…”

“Blatt (2004) summarizes his research on two types of personality configurations: anaclitic, a personality focused predominantly on interpersonal relatedness; and introjective, which distinguishes a personality organization primarily concerned with self-definition.”

“The dimensions of dependency and self-criticism were introduced and described at length by Blatt (1974, 2004).”

“The CSA profile seems to describe detached and introjective patients, who are more focused on the self and rely more on abstract reasoning than on emotions, compared to ASA‐P patients who seem to be characterized by an anaclitic style (Blatt, 2004; Luyten & Blatt, 2013).”

“, evaluation of the emotional self as characterized by unworthiness, inferiority, failure, guilt, and chronic fear of disapproval and rejection) is a key part of BPD [56].”

“…may lead to high levels of two pathological personality styles respectively labeled dependency and self-criticism, although self-criticism is the focus of the current study given its robust links to internalizing and externalizing symptoms (Blatt, 2004; Zuroff, Mongrain, & Santor, 2004).”

“Some of the common attributes related to self-critical depression include emptiness, hopelessness, helplessness, insecurity, failure and loss of control (Blatt, 2004; Blatt & Zuroff, 1992; Greenberg & Watson, 2006).”

“In addition, Blatt (32) distinguished two types of SC, with comparative SC being a proneness to compare own characteristics with those of others (i.e., perceptions of hostility and criticism from others) and internalized SC resulting from the comparison with one ’ s own ideal (i.e., feeling below…”

“Since their inception, both cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic formulations have centrally emphasized the role of mental representations or cognitive-affective schemas in explaining vulnerability to psychopathology in general and depression in particular (Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979; Blatt, 1974; Blatt, 2004).”

“…believed to result in two personality styles and two forms of depressive disease labeled introjective (self-definition) and anaclitic (relatedness) (Blatt, 1992, 2004; Blatt & Luyten, 2009a, 2009b; Blatt, Quinlan, Chevron, McDonald, & Zuroff, 1982; Blatt & Shahar, 2003; Blatt & Shichman, 1983;…”

“Take depression recognition for example, depression is a serious mood disorder and manifested by a complex emotional state (Blatt, 2004; Beck et al., 2014).”

“…feeling of anaclitic depression, in which depressive experiences are typically triggered by situations that activate a feeling of being “unloved, unwanted, neglected and abandoned” (Blatt 2004, p. 47)—that is, by situations that HELPLESSNESS IN DEPRESSION stir up interpersonal fear and problems.”

“Researches (Blatt 2004; Blatt and Zuroff 1992; Zuroff et al. 1999) also suggested that depression could be predicted by level of self-criticism.”

“He avoided self-focus and discussed himself in a manner similar to that described in introjective depression (Blatt, 2004), often viewing himself as the source of his depression, as “evil,” “not good enough,” and “flawed.””

“…to differentiate symptomatology; in addition to agitated depression and more inhibited depression, other authors have differentiated “anaclitic depression,” with feelings of loneliness and abandonment, from “introjective depression,” with feelings of failure and worthlessness (i.e., Blatt, 2004).”

“…that internal working models of a caring and reliable parent facilitate the construction of positive self-representations, while unpredictable or rejecting parental representations lead to the construction of negative representations of the self (Blatt, 2004; Blatt et al., 1997; Main et al., 1985).”

“Unlike trait-based models of personality that focus upon a person having a high or low level of a given trait, much theory (e.g. Bornstein, 1993; Blatt, 2004) and research focus upon situations and contexts in which dependency (or separation needs) is evoked and situations upon which dependency and…”

“They express their anger towards others, but also towards the self in the form of harsh self-criticism (Blatt, 2004; Blatt, Cornell, & Eshkol, 1993).”

“Prior research has found that parenting style strongly relates to the development of dependency in childhood possibly because of the attachment style that is formed (Blatt, 2004; Zuroff et al., 2004).”

“…using exploratory factor analytic methods have supported the psychometric properties of the DEQ, such as adequate internal consistency, test–retest stability, and predictive validity in both clinical and nonclinical samples (see reviews in Blatt, 2004; Desmet et al., 2007; Desmet et al., 2009).”

“However, we suggest there is a need for a return to a conceptualization of depression in which the focus is on the personal and social psychology of the individual (Blatt, 2004).”

“Researchers have done so using their own measures or lists of diagnostic criteria (Blatt, 2004; Carragher, Adamson, Bunting, & McCann, 2009).”

“Perfectionistic concerns involves excessive concerns about making mistakes, doubts about actions, and the feeling that others demand perfection (Blatt, 2004; Frost et al., 1990).”

“Extensive research (see summaries in Blatt, 2004; Blatt & Zuroff, 1992; Luyten, Corveleyn, & Blatt, 2005) documents the validity of the anaclitic–introjective distinction and has identified early, as well as current, life experiences that contribute to the emergence of these two types of…”

“Furthermore, within the current research design, we cannot address the problem of specificity, namely whether the detected interpersonal patterns are unique to FSS or could be found in other disorders as well (Blatt, 2004; Cornelis et al., 2017).”

“Initially developed and established to classify different forms of depression (Blatt, 2004; Blatt et al., 1976; Blatt & Zuroff, 1992), the model has been extended to describe and understand normal and psychopathological personality development before and beyond depression (Blatt, 2007, 2008; Blatt…”