Experiences of depression: Theoretical, clinical, and research perspectives.

“Attachment hyperactivating and deactivating strategies also overlap both conceptually and empirically with the personality dimensions of dependency (or sociotropy) and self-critical perfectionism (or autonomy), respectively (Beck, 1983; Blatt, 2004; Blatt & Luyten, 2009; Luyten & Blatt, 2013).”

“Although he is best known for his twoconfigurations model of personality and psychopathology (Blatt, 1974, 1995, 2004, 2008; Blatt and Shichman 1983; Blatt and Blass 1990; Luyten and Blatt 2013), according to which psychological growth occurs along two basic developmental lines, relatedness and…”

“According to Blatt (1974, 2004), two phenomenologically different subtypes of depression can be distinguished on the basis of the individual’s underlying personality style.”

“Numerous other studies have demonstrated COR scores to (1) discriminate among diagnostic groups in theoretically consistent ways and (2) demonstrate and explain treatment efficacy in intensive inpatient and outpatient psychotherapeutic settings (summarized in Blatt, 2004).”

“Thus, anaclitic depression centers on feelings of loneliness, abandonment, and neglect, and introjective depression focuses on issues of self-worth and feelings of failure and guilt (Blatt, 1974, 2004; Blatt & Luyten, 2009).”

“These people are more likely to be self-critical when they €Ozdemir and Sa gkal 1723 could not attain an achievement goal and feel a sense of failure, worthlessness, or guilt (Blatt, 2004).”

“The CCRT components in the cases of James, Amy, and Pam bear a certain resemblance to the characteristics of an anaclitic personality style, as described by Blatt (2004), including dependency, a lack of assertiveness and passive obedience.”

“…appear to be in line with the concept of “borderline depression” (Westen et al ., 1992), and are partially overlap with the “anaclitic” depression (Blatt, 2004; Lingiardi & McWilliams, 2017). c i The second objective of this study was to examine the relationship between personality subtypes of…”

“…final common pathway of a multitude of possible underlying etiologies (e.g., experience of trauma, loss, failure, or guilt) and personality styles (Blatt 2004; Peebles 2012), so that fine-tuned, psychoanalytic assessment of factors beneath the symptoms is essential for individualizing the…”

“Self-criticism has been found to contribute to high NA, low PA, disturbed interpersonal relationships, and depression (Blatt, 2004; Blatt & Zuro ff , 1992; Shahar, 2015; Zuro ff et al., 2004).”

“As Blatt (2004) suggested, it may be helpful to conceptualise individuals with PD as an overemphasis of either anaclitic or introjective personality styles. The anaclitic cluster is characterised by high relatedness and neglected self-definition whereas the introjective clusters have a dominant self-definition and neg…”

“In his review of Blatt’s book (Blatt, 2004), Parker (2005) pointed to methodological deficiencies in establishing the IR theory itself, which he reported as likely being the result of Blatt relying on the theory’s supposed self-evident validity rather than by actively establishing this.”

“It is a global pathological trait that is strongly correlated with depressive symptoms (Blatt, 1995, 2004; Zuroff et al., 2004).”

“Depression commonly is considered a mood disorder that affects the way you feel and think about yourself, the world, and life in general (Beck, Rush, Archive for the Psychology of Religion 39 (2017) 165-203 Shaw, & Emery, 1979; Blatt, 2004; DSM-5, 2013).”

“…and social distancing to control the spread of the virus, bringing new awareness of our need to feel connected with others in meaningful ways, and how important these connections are for an individual’s physical and psychological well-being (Blatt, 2004; Brooks et al., 2020; Reynolds et al., 2008).”

“Finally, research has shown that depressive patients mainly elicit positive and warm feelings in the therapist (e.g., Blatt, 2004; Blatt and Shahar, 2004; Hennissen et al., 2019; cf. also McWilliams and Shedler, 2017).”

“…levels of psychological health and to have vital implications for the treatment of depression, personality disorders, and other psychopathologies (Blatt, 2004, 2008; Blatt & Zuroff, 1992; Fertuck, Bucci, Blatt, & Ford, 2004; Morse, Robins & Gittes-Fox, 2002; Ouimette, Klein, Anderson, Riso, &…”

“Recently, a large and diverse set of authors from a range of different theoretical perspectives have sought to examine the role of specific personality characteristics within the treatment milieu (Ackerman & Hilsenroth, 2001, 2003; Benjamin, 1996; Blatt, 2004; Blatt, Auerbach, & Levy, 1997; Cassidy & Shaver,1999; Dozi…”

“In comparison, highly selfcritical people are likely to compare themselves to ever rising unreachable standards or to privileged others which makes them feel contempt, disgust, and even hatred towards themselves instead of joy, hope, and contentment (Blatt, 2004).”

“They also experience feelings of helplessness in the absence of another (Blatt, 2004; Campos, 2009).”

“…not seeing one’s own and other people’s emotions as understandable-controllable or useful-meaningful, could increase the risk for developing and the maintenance of depressive states (in the sense of anaclitic or intro-jective depression; see Blatt, 2004; Blatt & Luyten, 2009; Reis & Grenyer, 2002).”

“Dabei bestand die Hälfte der Stichprobe, gemäß der Unterscheidung von Blatt (2004), aus Patient*innen mit primär abhängigem Persönlichkeitsstil (anaklitische Depression) und die andere Hälfte aus Patient*innen mit primär selbstkritischem Persönlichkeitsstil (introjektive Depression).”

“When development in relatedness is impaired, an individual is more prone to become dependent and vulnerable to anaclitic depression (Blatt, 1974, 2004).”

“…Inventory–II Autonomy scale will show significant correlations with the vindictive, cold, and socially inhibited subscales of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems–64 (Blatt, 2004, pp. 180-183) and with obsessive–compulsive symptoms and aggressive urges as measured by the Symptom Checklist-90–”

“Dichas preocupaciones reflejan una necesidad desesperada de otras personas pero con poca diferenciación o especificación de una persona o relación en particular (Blatt, 2004) En contraste, la psicopatología de los pacientes introyectivos se define por una preocupación exagerada y distorsionada por establecer y mantene…”

“Blatt (2004, 2008) distinguished two broad personality types.”

“Many MDD theories (Beck, 1996; Blatt, 2004) also suggest that dependently depressed clients have difficulty asserting themselves, while selfreliant individuals have difficulty expressing vulnerable feelings.”

“Self-criticism is a tendency to negatively evaluate oneself in comparison with others, with a chronic self-disapproval (Blatt, 2004).”

“Also, depressed individuals have a harsh self-directed inner dialogue (Blatt, 2004) and other forms of pernicious personality have likewise been described as self-condemnatory (e.g., Cheli et al., 2023; Kopala-Sibley et al., 2012).”

“…models of a caring and reliable parent facilitate the construction of positive self-representations, while unpredictable or rejecting parental representations lead to the construction of negative representations of the self (Blatt, 2004; Blatt et al., 1997; Main et al., 1985; Waniel et al., 2006).”

“The important line of work by Sydney Blatt (2004) on these dimensions provides diagnostic and therapeutic instruments of enormous value for understanding how each type of personality reacts to loss of the object of love.”

“…OPD-CA-2, despite the missing expected concordance across 8 In order to accommodate the psychoanalytic notion that depression should be understood as a dysfunctional response to loss (Freud, 1917), Blatt (2004) distinguished between the distal and the proximal antecedents of a depressive reaction.”

“Numerous studies support the reliability and validity of the qualitative factors and structural scores (Blatt et al., 1979; Blatt et al., 1991; Blatt et al., 1996; Blatt, 2004; Bornstein and O’Neill, 1992; Bornstein et al., 1986; Levy et al., 1998; Porcerelli et al., 2006; Quinlan et al., 1992).”

“He experiences a strong desire for comfort and care from others and fear of abandonment (Blatt, 1974; Blatt, 2004).”

“Loss of self and other has also been long thought to be at the core of depression (Blatt, 2004; Bowlby, 1980; Kristeva, 1989), and indeed there are numerous studies suggesting that the experience of IPV is associated with depressive symptoms (Amanor-Boadu et al., 2011; Amar & Gennaro, 2005;…”

“It was shown that individuals with high self-criticism are more likely to respond to daily aggravations, or negative life events, with greater distress (e.g., Besser & Priel, 2010; Blatt, 2004; Sherry et al, 2014).”

“They evoke fear, helplessness and despair, reflecting Campbell’s core conflict: autonomy versus need (S. J. Blatt, 2004).”

“…recent developments in psychoanalytic theory, there are two main categories of depression: (1) Introjective depression, which is associated with a feeling of worthlessness; and (2) Anaclitic depression, which is associated with dependency (Blatt, 1995, 2004, 2008; Busch, Rudden, & Shapiro, 2004).”

“Many studies show that depression is more common among the divorced persons or among the individuals living separately than among the married ones or those who have never been married (Blatt, 2004, Blazer, 1994).”

“In my experience, this strict adherence to frame (i.e., scheduled sessions, not running over the allotted time) enhances this capacity as clients develop “. . . increased tolerance for delay and postponed gratification without experiencing intense rage” (Blatt, 2004, p. 291).”

“…that the depressive experiences of individuals who have also received the diagnosis of a borderline personality disorder (BPD) differ from the experiences of depressed individuals lacking this comorbidity (Blatt, 2004; Levy et al., 2007; Silk, 2010; Westen et al., 1992; Wixom et al., 1993).”

“Blatt, 2004). Two decades ago, Brennan et al. (1998) expressed the need for a common method encouraging researchers “(.”

“The result is also contradicted with the previous study that assumed gender incongruence that women have high levels of self-criticism than men (Blatt, 2004).”

“Repeated experiences of perceived failure because of a lack of time may also exacerbate feelings of hopeless-ness [70].”

“This may reflect that patients have a more direct access to the mental presentation of their inner critic [33].”

“49,52 Both APC and DPC may create risks for introjected regulation of eating through undermining the general satisfaction of basic psychological needs.”

“Many researchers, including those from psychodynamic and cognitivebehavioral orientations, have come to believe that the cognitive style with which individuals perceive, organize, and understand their life experiences is related to suicidal behavior (e.g., Beautrais, Joyce, & Mulder, 1999; Blatt, 2004).”

“The measure has now been validated in numerous studies (see Blatt, 2004), and an adolescent version of the measure has also been constructed (Blatt, Schaffer, Bers, & Quinlan, 1992).”

“Psychoanalytic conceptualizations of clinical phenomena often employ a developmental perspective to account for the different forms that similar diagnoses might take (as in depression; Blatt 2004), as well as the function that disruptive behaviors or defenses might”

“Two domain-specific expressions of PPC have been proposed (Soenens & Vansteenkiste, 2010) based on the two developmental facets of interpersonal relatedness and self-definition (Blatt, 2004).”

“From a psychoanalytic perspective, regarding models of depressive states of mind (e.g., Bleichmar, 1996; Blatt, 2004), there are several paths of reading the Batman trilogy.”

“…leads to various clinical pictures of depression (e.g., mania, anaclitic depression, and guilt depression) Based on many empirical studies, Blatt (2004) characterized two different organizations of depression: the anaclitic type focuses on interpersonal factors such as narcissistic…”