The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Meta-analytic structural equation modeling: A two-stage approach.
Abstract
To synthesize studies that use structural equation modeling (SEM), researchers usually use Pearson correlations (univariate r), Fisher z scores (univariate z), or generalized least squares (GLS) to combine the correlation matrices. The pooled correlation matrix is then analyzed by the use of SEM. Questionable inferences may occur for these ad hoc procedures. A 2-stage structural equation modeling (TSSEM) method is proposed to incorporate meta-analytic techniques and SEM into a unified framework. Simulation results reveal that the univariate-r, univariate-z, and TSSEM methods perform well in testing the homogeneity of correlation matrices and estimating the pooled correlation matrix. When fitting SEM, only TSSEM works well. The GLS method performed poorly in small to medium samples.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788
Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.3.4.424 · Cited by 12,298
Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (2015) · doi:10.4135/9781483398105 · Cited by 5,542
Primary, Secondary, and Meta-Analysis of Research
GLASS, G. V. (1976) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x005010003 · Cited by 4,890
Fixed-and random-effects models in meta-analysis.
Hedges, L. V., & Vevea, J. L. (1998) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.3.4.486 · Cited by 2,977
Colquitt, J. A., LePine, J. A., & Noe, R. A. (2000) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.5.678 · Cited by 2,126 · cited 1×
“After pooling the correlation matrices, researchers often use the pooled correlation matrix as the observed correlation matrix without considering the sampling variation across studies (e.g., Colquitt et al., 2000; Tett & Meyer, 1993; Verhaeghen & Salthouse, 1997).”
MethodMeta-Analysis: Recent Developments in Quantitative Methods for Literature Reviews
Rosenthal, R., & DiMatteo, M. R. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.59 · Cited by 1,780
THEORY TESTING: COMBINING PSYCHOMETRIC META‐ANALYSIS AND STRUCTURAL EQUATIONS MODELING
VISWESVARAN, C., & ONES, D. S. (1995) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01784.x · Cited by 926
Generalizations about trust in marketing channel relationships using meta-analysis
Geyskens, I., Steenkamp, J.-B. E. M., & Kumar, N. (1998) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/s0167-8116(98)00002-0 · Cited by 890
On structural equation modeling with data that are not missing completely at random
Muthén, B., Kaplan, D., & Hollis, M. (1987) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02294365 · Cited by 883 · cited 1×
“Simulation and empirical studies show that the multiple-group SEM is unbiased and efficient in handling missing completely at random (MCAR) and missing at random (MAR) data (e.g., Graham, Hofer, & MacKinnon, 1996; B. Muthén et al., 1987; Wothke, 2000).”
Research works printed but not linked: 68
- 10.2307/271029 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2307/1165128 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2307/1165390 · DOI
- Becker, 2000, Multivariate meta-analysis., 499, 10.1016/B978-012691360-6/50018-5 · DOI · Paper page
- Becker. 1994 · DOI
- Becker, 1994, Examining explanatory models through research synthesis., 357
- Bentler, 1995, EQS structural equations program manual.
- 10.2307/1164760 · DOI
- Bentler, 1987, Multiple population covariance structure analysis under arbitrary distribution theory., Communications in Statistics Theory and Methods, 16, 1951, 10.1080/03610928708829482 · DOI
- Bollen, 1989, Structural equations with latent variables., 10.1002/9781118619179 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.256 · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.256 · Paper page
- 10.2307/3172514 · doi:10.2307/3172514 · Paper page
- 10.1086/209284 · DOI · Paper page
- Browne, 1984, Asymptotically distribution-free methods for the analysis of covariance structures., The British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 37, 62, 10.1111/j.2044-8317.1984.tb00789.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01026.x · DOI
- Chen, 2002, Improper solutions in structural equation models: Causes, consequences, and strategies., Sociological Methods & Research, 29, 468, 10.1177/0049124101029004003 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/0146621603027003004 · doi:10.1177/0146621603027003004
- 10.1177/1094428104264024 · DOI
- Cheung, Classifying correlation matrices into relatively homogeneous subgroups: A cluster analytic approach., Educational and Psychological Measurement
- 10.1037/0021-9010.84.1.3 · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.1.3 · Paper page
- 10.1037/0033-2909.105.2.317 · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.105.2.317 · Paper page
- 10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.412 · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.3.4.412 · Paper page
- 10.1207/s15327906mbr2904_1 · DOI
- 10.1037/1082-989X.6.2.161 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1207/S15328007SEM0703_2 · DOI
- Freund, 1992, Mathematical statistics
- 10.1207/s15327906mbr3102_3 · DOI · Paper page
- Hedges, 1985, Statistical methods for meta-analysis.
- 10.1207/S15328007SEM1001_2 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0021-9010.77.6.890 · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.77.6.890 · Paper page
- Hoogland, 1998, Robustness studies in covariance structure modeling: An overview and a meta-analysis., Sociological Methods & Research, 26, 329, 10.1177/0049124198026003003 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0033-2909.112.2.351 · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.2.351 · Paper page
- Hunter, 1983, A causal analysis of cognitive ability, job knowledge, job performance, and supervisor ratings., 257
- 1989, International Social Survey Program: Work orientation.
- 10.1007/BF02306782 · DOI
- Joreskog, 1996, LISREL 8: A user's reference guide.
- Joreskog, 1999, LISREL 8: New Statistical features.
- 10.1207/s15327906mbr2401_3 · DOI
- 10.2307/1165388 · doi:10.2307/1165388
- Krane, 1978, Scale invariance and the factor analysis of correlation matrices., The British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 31, 218, 10.1111/j.2044-8317.1978.tb00586.x · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1978.tb00586.x
- Lee, 1995, A two-stage estimation of structural equation models with continuous and polytomous variables., The British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 48, 339, 10.1111/j.2044-8317.1995.tb01067.x · DOI · Paper page
- Little, 1987, Statistical analysis with missing data.
- 10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.201 · DOI · Paper page
- Marin-Martinez. Testing for dichotomous moderators in meta-analysis. 67 69 1998 · DOI
- Marsh. Pairwise deletion for missing data in structural equation models: Nonpositive definite matrices, parameter estimates, goodness of fit, and adjusted sample sizes. 5 22 1998 · DOI
- Marsh, 1999, Confirmatory factor analysis: Strategies for small sample sizes., 251
- Miller, 1994, Meta-analytic synthesis for theory development., 457
- Muthen, 2004, Mplus user's guide
- 1992, Combining information: Statistical issues and opportunities for research.
- Neale, 2003, MX: Statistical modeling
- Olkin, 1976, Asymptotic distribution of functions of a correlation matrix., 235
- 10.1207/S15328007SEM0802_7 · DOI · Paper page
- Pigott, 1994, Methods for handling missing data in research synthesis., 163
- 10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.223 · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.223 · Paper page
- 10.1207/S15328007SEM0802_4 · DOI
- 10.1207/S15327906MBR3501_3 · DOI
- 1995, SAS/IML software: Changes and enhancements, through release 6.11.
- 10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.432 · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.432 · Paper page
- 10.1037/1082-989X.1.1.47 · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.1.1.47 · Paper page
- 10.1023/A:1008928518577 · DOI · Paper page
- Teachman, 2001, Covariance structure models for fixed and random effects., Sociological Methods & Research, 30, 271, 10.1177/0049124101030002005 · DOI
- Tett, 1993, Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover: Path analyses based on meta-analytic findings., Personnel Psychology, 46, 259, 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1993.tb00874.x · DOI · Paper page
- Tremblay. On the growth of structural equation modeling in psychological journals. 3 93 1996 · DOI
- 10.1037/0033-2909.122.3.231 · DOI · Paper page
- Viswesvaran, 1998, Moderator search in meta-analysis: A review and cautionary note on existing approaches., Educational and Psychological Measurement, 58, 77, 10.1177/0013164498058001007 · DOI
- Wothke, 1993, Nonpositive definite matrices in structural modeling., 256
- Wothke, 2000, Longitudinal and multigroup modeling with missing data., 219
- 10.2307/2965725 · doi:10.2307/2965725
Cited by
The Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis
(2019) · doi:10.7758/9781610448864 · Cited by 4,553
Bamberg, S., & Möser, G. (2007) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.12.002 · Cited by 4,140
Richardson, M., Abraham, C., & Bond, R. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0026838 · Cited by 3,646
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Relationship Marketing: A Meta-Analysis
Palmatier, R. W., Dant, R. P., Grewal, D., & Evans, K. R. (2006) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.70.4.136 · Cited by 2,601
Dwivedi, Y. K., Rana, N. P., Jeyaraj, A., Clement, M., & Williams, M. D. (2019) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-017-9774-y · Cited by 2,137
“…to methods focused on contrasting and combining outcomes of various studies, in the hope of measuring patterns among study results, sources of divergence among those results, and other interesting relationships that may come to light in the perspective of multiple studies (Cheung and Chan 2005).”
BackgroundMethod
Metadata
- Authors
- Cheung, M. W.-L., & Chan, W.
- Venue
- Psychological Methods
- Published
- 2005-03
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 40-64
- ISSN
- 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1463
- OpenAlex
- W2021670737
- Cited by
- 637
- References
- 13
- FWCI
- 8.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Meta-analytic structural equation modeling: A two-stage approach. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1037/1082-989x.10.1.40
- The paper
- Cheung, M. W.-L., & Chan, W. (2005). Meta-analytic structural equation modeling: A two-stage approach. Psychological Methods. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.10.1.40
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.