Mental representations in personality development, psychopathology, and the therapeutic process

Blatt, Sidney J.; Auerbach, John S.; Levy, Kenneth N.

doi:10.1037/1089-2680.1.4.351

Cited by 217Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology ResearchPsychology and Mental HealthPersonality Disorders and Psychopathology

Mental representations in personality development, psychopathology, and the therapeutic process

Blatt, Sidney J., Auerbach, John S., Levy, Kenneth N.·1997·Review of General Psychology

DOI 10.1037/1089-2680.1.4.351

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Abstract

This article considers the construct of mental representation from the perspectives of psychoanalytic object-relations theory and cognitive developmental psychology and the congruence of these formulations with research and theory in cognitive science and social cognition. Concepts of mental representation are applied to the study of psychopathology, personality assessment, interpersonal relationships or attachment styles, and therapeutic progress in the long-term, inpatient treatment of seriously disturbed adolescents and young adults. Understanding of personality development, psychopathology, and the therapeutic process is greatly enhanced by this constructivist perspective, which considers the construction of mental representations or cognitive–affective schemas to be a central constituent of personality development and organization.

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Bowlby borrowed fundamental ideas from Lorenz, particularly the theory of imprinting, and combined them with psychoanalytic developmental theories of object relating.
“Bowlby borrowed fundamental ideas from the ethologist Konrad Lorenz— in particular, the theory of imprinting (Lorenz, 1935) —and successfully combined them with psychoanalytic developmental theories of object relating (e.g., Holmes, 1993; Blatt et al., 1997; Wachtel, 2010; Fonagy et al., 2018).”
From Back to basics: A re-evaluation of the relevance of imprinting in the genesis of Bowlby’s attachment theory (2022) · cites this paper as Blatt et al., 1997

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Attachment and Separateness
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Psychoanalysis and Infant Research
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Continuity of attachment across the life span.
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The private self
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Shame and the Self
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Convergences among psychoanalytic and cognitive-behavioral theories of depression.
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A Cognitive Morphology of Psychopathology
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Relatedness and Self-Definition: A Dialectic Model of Personality Development
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Object-Representations and Object-Relationships in Rorschach Responses
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Introduction to Psychodynamics: A New Synthesis
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Change in Object and Self-Representations in Long-Term, Intensive, Inpatient Treatment of Seriously Disturbed Adolescents and Young Adults
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Schizophrenia: A Developmental Analysis
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Being lonely, falling in love: Perspectives from attachment theory.
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Internalization, separation-individuation, and the nature of therapeutic action.
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Narcissistic States and the Therapeutic Process
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Normal development and psychopathological impairment of the concept of the object on the Rorschach.
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Rapprochement or approchement: Mahler's theory reconsidered from the vantage point of recent research on early attachment relationships.
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Factors Influencing Clinician's Judgments of Mental Health
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Adolescents' theories about the development of their relationships with parents.
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An Approach to the Delineation of Adult Attachment
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Representational structures in psychopathology.
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Malevolent object representations in borderline personality disorder and major depression.
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Transition to motherhood: A longitudinal study
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Internalization and Psychological Development Throughout the Life Cycle
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Psychoanalysis: the major concepts
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Adolescents' theories about the development of their relationships with parents.
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Instinct Theory, Object Relations, and Psychicstructure Formation
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Changes in separation-individuation and intersubjectivity in long-term treatment.
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Self-representation in severe psychopathology: The role of reflexive self-awareness.
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The Self in Emotional Distress: Cognitive and Psychodynamic Perspectives
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Change in self- and object representation during long-term dynamically oriented treatment.
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Differential Cognitive Disturbances in Three Types of Borderline Patients
Blatt, S. J., & Auerbach, J. S. (1988) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.1988.2.3.198 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
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Positive illusions and well-being revisited: Separating fiction from fact.
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The concept of mental representation in psychoanalysis.
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Boundaries and Structure in Love Relations
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The Self in emotional distress : cognitive and psychodynamic perspectives
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Attachment theory, personality development, and psychotherapy
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Attachment Styles and Parental Divorce
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Object representations and change in clinical functioning.
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Modes of Representation of Thought
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Use of the TAT to Measure Change in Defense Mechanisms Following Intensive Psychotherapy
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Relatedness and self-definition: Two primary dimensions in personality development, psychopathology, and psychotherapy.
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The Rorschach: a developmental perspective
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Internal working models and the representational world in attachment and psychoanalytic theories.
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Attachments, drives, and development: Conflicts and convergences in theory.
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Object Relations and Ego Development: Comparison and Correlates In Middle Childhood
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A Model of the Mind
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Psychoanalytic psychology
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Representation of Interpersonal Interactions on the Rorschach and Level of Psychopathology
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An Exploration of Separation-Individuation Themes in the Borderline Personality Disorder
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The Analysis of Descriptions of Parents: Identification of a More Differentiated Factor Structure
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A psychodynamic approach to the diagnosis of psychopathology.
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Parental Perceptions and Psychopathology
Bornstein, R. F., & O’Neill, R. M. (1992) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199208000-00001 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The Rorschach: A Test of Perception or an Evaluation of Representation
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The origins of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: A theoretical and empirical reformulation.
Auerbach, J. (1993) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10138-002 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
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"Illusion" of mental health does not explain positive illusions.
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1994) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.49.11.972 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
"Illusion" of mental health does not explain positive illusions.
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1994) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.49.11.972 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Disturbances of object representations in schizophrenia.
Blatt, S. J., Wild, C. M., & Ritzler, B. A. (1975) · Cited by 31 · see citing works
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Impairment of self-representation in schizophrenia: the roles of boundary articulation and self-reflexivity.
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Bridging the gap between interpersonal thought and action in early adolescence: The role of psychodynamic processes
Schultz, L. H., & Selman, R. L. (1989) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400000316 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Countertransference and the Theory of Technique: Discussion
Blum, H. P. (1986) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/000306518603400204 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The concept of mental representations in light of recent infant research.
Zelnick, L., & Buchholz, E. S. (1990) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0079141 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Changes in object relations from psychosis to recovery.
Ryan, E. R., & Bell, M. D. (1984) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.93.2.209 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Attachment patterns and Freudian theory: An integrative proposal.
Silverman, D. K. (1991) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0079255 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

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The Psychology of Worldviews
Koltko-Rivera, M. E. (2004) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.8.1.3 · Cited by 788 · see citing works
Toward a Model for Assessing Level of Personality Functioning in DSM–5 , Part I: A Review of Theory and Methods
Bender, D. S., Morey, L. C., & Skodol, A. E. (2011) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2011.583808 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
The implications of attachment theory and research for understanding borderline personality disorder
Levy, K. N. (2005) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579405050455 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Self-citation
Worry, Procrastination, and Perfectionism: Differentiating Amount of Worry, Pathological Worry, Anxiety, and Depression
Stöber, J., & Joormann, J. (2001) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1026474715384 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
The Interpersonal Core of Personality Pathology
Hopwood, C. J., Wright, A. G. C., Ansell, E. B., & Pincus, A. L. (2013) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2013.27.3.270 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
An open door review of outcome studies in psychoanalysis
Fonagy, P., Jones, E. E., Kächele, H., Krause, R., Clarkin, J., Perron, R., Gerber, A., & Allison, E. (2001) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · doi:10.13140/2.1.3458.0160 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Psychotherapy process in the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program.
Ablon, J. S., & Jones, E. E. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.67.1.64 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Integrating theory-driven and empirically-derived models of personality development and psychopathology: A proposal for DSM V
Luyten, P., & Blatt, S. J. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.09.003 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Self-citation
Interpersonal relatedness, self-definition, and their motivational orientation during adolescence: A theorical and empirical integration.
Shahar, G., Henrich, C. C., Blatt, S. J., Ryan, R. M., & Little, T. D. (2003) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.3.470 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citation
Developments in Cognitive Neuroscience
Westen, D., & Gabbard, G. O. (2002) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/00030651020500011501 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Interpersonal Theory of Personality
Pincus, A. L., & Ansell, E. B. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop205007 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
The dependent patient: A practitioner's guide.
Bornstein, R. F. (2005) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11085-000 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Vulnerability to depression: Reexamining state dependence and relative stability.
Zuroff, D. C., Blatt, S. J., A., I. S. C., Bondi, C. M., & Pilkonis, P. A. (1999) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.108.1.76 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citation
Affective Reactivity to Daily Interpersonal Stressors as a Prospective Predictor of Depressive Symptoms
O'Neill, S. C., Cohen, L. H., Tolpin, L. H., & Gunthert, K. C. (2004) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.23.2.172.31015 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Attachment and Borderline Personality Disorder: Implications for Psychotherapy
Levy, K. N., Meehan, K. B., Weber, M., Reynoso, J. S., & Clarkin, J. F. (2005) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000084813 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
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Executive neurocognition, memory systems, and borderline personality disorder
Fertuck, E. A., Lenzenweger, M. F., Clarkin, J. F., Hoermann, S., & Stanley, B. (2005) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.05.008 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Vulnerability to depression: Reexamining state dependence and relative stability.
Zuroff, D. C., Blatt, S. J., Sanislow, C. A., Bondi, C. M., & Pilkonis, P. A. (1999) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.108.1.76 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citation
Interpersonal Variability in Dependent Personality
Pincus, A. L., & Wilson, K. R. (2001) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00143 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Adolescents in Residential and Inpatient Treatment: A Review of the Outcome Literature
Bettmann, J. E., & Jasperson, R. A. (2009) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-009-9073-y · Cited by 126 · see citing works
The relationship of perfectionism, depression, and therapeutic alliance during treatment for depression: latent difference score analysis.
Hawley, L. L., Ho, M., Zuroff, D. C., & Blatt, S. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.5.930 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citation
Own versus Other Standpoints in Self-Regulation: Developmental Antecedents and Functional Consequences
Moretti, M. M., & Higgins, E. T. (1999) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.3.3.188 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Prospective Relationship between Negative Affective Reactivity to Daily Stress and Depressive Symptoms
Parrish, B. P., Cohen, L. H., & Laurenceau, J.-P. (2011) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2011.30.3.270 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The Role of Attachment Styles and Interpersonal Problems in Suicide‐Related Behaviors
Stepp, S. D., Morse, J. Q., Yaggi, K. E., Reynolds, S. K., Reed, L. I., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2008) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2008.38.5.592 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Minding the Gap Between Positivism and Hermeneutics in Psychoanalytic Research
Blatt, S. J., Corveleyn, J. M. T., & Luyten, P. (2006) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/00030651060540021301 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citation
Ability to receive compassion from others buffers the depressogenic effect of self-criticism: A cross-cultural multi-study analysis
Hermanto, N., Zuroff, D. C., Kopala‐Sibley, D. C., Kelly, A. C., Matos, M., Gilbert, P., & Koestner, R. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.055 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
The Development and Organization of Attachment: Implications for Psychoanalysis
Slade, A. (2000) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/00030651000480042301 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Assessing Interpersonal Perceptions Using the Interpersonal Grid.
Moskowitz, D. S., & Zuroff, D. C. (2005) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.17.2.218 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Conceptualizing and Measuring Self-Criticism as Both a Personality Trait and a Personality State
Zuroff, D. C., Sadikaj, G., Kelly, A. C., & Leybman, M. J. (2015) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2015.1044604 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Bridging the gap between attachment and object relations theories: A study of the transition to motherhood
Priel, B., & Avi Besser, A. (2001) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1348/000711201160821 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Interpersonal Theory of Personality
Pincus, A. L., & Ansell, E. B. (2003) · Handbook of Psychology · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0509 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Depressive Experiences in Inpatients with Borderline Personality Disorder
Levy, K. N., Edell, W., & McGlashan, T. (2007) · Psychiatric quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-006-9033-8 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citation
Role of perfectionism and personality disorder features in response to brief treatment for depression.
Shahar, G., Blatt, S. J., Zuroff, D. C., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.3.629 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Impact of Level of Personality Organization on Treatment Response: A Systematic Review
Koelen, J. A., Luyten, P., Eurelings‐Bontekoe, L., Diguer, L., Vermote, R., Lowyck, B., & Bühring, M. E. F. (2012) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/psyc.2012.75.4.355 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Mental state decoding abilities in young adults with borderline personality disorder traits.
Scott, L. N., Levy, K. N., Adams, R. B., & Stevenson, M. T. (2011) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0020011 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citation
Depressive symptoms in the transition to menopause: the roles of irritability, personality vulnerability, and self-regulation
Mauas, V., Kopala‐Sibley, D. C., & Zuroff, D. C. (2014) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-014-0434-7 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Attachment theory and psychoanalysis: Further differentiation within insecure attachment patterns
Levy, K. N., & Blatt, S. J. (1999) · Psychoanalytic Inquiry · doi:10.1080/07351699909534266 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Contemporary Interpersonal Model of Personality Pathology and Personality Disorder
Pincus, A. L., & Hopwood, C. J. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199735013.013.0018 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Abnormalities of emotional awareness and perception in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Kang, J. I., Namkoong, K., Yoo, S. W., Jhung, K., & Kim, S. J. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.04.001 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Imagery in psychotherapy.
Singer, J. L. (2006) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11366-000 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Personality, Shame, and the Breakdown of Social Bonds: The Voice of Quantitative Depression Research
Shahar, G. (2001) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/psyc.64.3.228.18463 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Process and Outcome in Psychodynamic Hospitalization-Based Treatment for Patients With a Personality Disorder
Vermote, R., Lowyck, B., Luyten, P., Vertommen, H., Corveleyn, J. M. T., Verhaest, Y., Stroobants, R., Vandeneede, B., Vansteelandt, K., & Peuskens, J. (2010) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181cc0d59 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Attachment and its Vicissitudes in Borderline Personality Disorder
Levy, K. N., Beeney, J. E., & Temes, C. M. (2010) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-010-0169-8 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citation
Rethinking Thought Disorder
Hart, M., & Lewine, R. R. J. (2017) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx003 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Attachment and intersubjectivity
Diamond, N., & Marrone, M. (2003) · Whurr Publishers eBooks · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Psychodynamic and cognitive–behavioral approaches of obsessive–compulsive disorder: Is it time to work through our ambivalence?
Kempke, S., & Luyten, P. (2007) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2007.71.4.291 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Levels of Personality Functioning and Their Association With Clinical Features and Interpersonal Functioning in Patients With Personality Disorders
Lowyck, B., Luyten, P., Verhaest, Y., Vandeneede, B., & Vermote, R. (2013) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2013.27.3.320 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
"I used to dream of lupus as some sort of creature": Chronic illness as an internal object.
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Stress reactivity following brief treatment for depression: Differential effects of psychotherapy and medication.
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Authors: Blatt, S. J., Auerbach, J. S., & Levy, K. N.
Affiliations: City University of New York (US)
Veterans Health Administration (US)
ORCID: Auerbach, John S.
Levy, Kenneth N.
Venue: Review of General Psychology
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1997-12
Volume: 1
Issue: 4
Pages: 351-374
ISSN: 1089-2680 (ISSN-L)
1939-1552
DOI: 10.1037/1089-2680.1.4.351
OpenAlex: W2090354017
Cited by: 217
References: 200
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 4.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Review of General Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Keywords: mental representation, personality development, psychopathology, attachment styles, interpersonal relationships, treatment advances, adolescents and young adults, constructivist approach, social cognition

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Mental representations in personality development, psychopathology, and the therapeutic process

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