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Fluid vulnerability theory: a cognitive approach to understanding the process of acute and chronic suicide risk
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In the citing paper
“In contrast, dysfunctional self-regulatory processes invite maladaptive responses to acute stressors (e.g., substance use) that can interact with various dynamic factors (e.g., low mood, social isolation) to induce an imminent suicide crisis (Bryan et al., 2020; Rudd, 2006).”
From Toward objective characterizations of suicide risk: A narrative review of laboratory-based cognitive and behavioral tasks (2023) · cites this paper as Rudd, 2006
In the citing paper
“Current psychological interventions for suicidal individuals, which are informed by existing theoretical models, have limitations.”
From The Psychological Pathway to Suicide Attempts: A Strategy of Control Without Awareness (2021) · cites this paper as Rudd, 2006
In the citing paper
“It may be, therefore, that these fluctuations in suicide risk and rapid transitions from contemplating suicide to making an attempt are due to psychological processes, which might be different for ideators and attempters (Rudd, 2006; Bryan et al., 2016, 2019).”
From The Psychological Pathway to Suicide Attempts: A Strategy of Control Without Awareness (2021) · cites this paper as Rudd, 2006
In the citing paper
“However, it goes beyond recent theoretical accounts of ambivalence about suicide (Linehan et al., 1983; Jobes, 2006; Rudd, 2006), since we posit that one’s combined reasons for living and reasons for dying are simultaneously associated with distress, due to the loss of control they may entail.”
From The Psychological Pathway to Suicide Attempts: A Strategy of Control Without Awareness (2021) · cites this paper as Rudd, 2006
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Items 401–436 of 436
Au, J. S., Degnan, K. A., O’Connor, S. S., & Jobes, D. A. (2025) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-025-09691-9
“Similarly, Rudd ( 2006) argues that certain individuals’ sui - cidal mode is more easily triggered (e.g., among those with multiple previous attempts) than others’ due to differences in physiological, affective, and behavioral deficits.”
Für Gesundheitsfachleute: Es geht um den Menschen im Patienten
Michel, K. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-71653-3_14
Huang, W., Pan, Q., Ma, H., Na, L., Yang, H., & Wu, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1675224
“Rudd introduced the ‘ suicidal mode ’ , which refers to a cognitive-emotional-behavioral network that, when activated, directs synchronous processes that manifest on many different levels, including suicidal ideation, negative affect, physiological arousal, and motivation for suicidal behavior (45).”
Importance of Screening for Suicide Risk in Pediatric Dermatology Clinic
Nguyen, C. M., Schroeder, C., Clayton, M., Diaz, L. Z., & Jaquez, S. D. (2025) · Pediatric Dermatology · doi:10.1111/pde.70102
“Suicide risk is most often assessed during acute crises, which can be especially challenging to navigate in dermatology settings [14].”
Azimi, F., Saed, O., Rasouli, A., Aghaalikhani, M., Ghoreishi, A., Amini, Z., & Sadighi, G. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07758-4
“Thus, the high correlations we observed are expected within this framework and should not be interpreted as evidence of construct redundancy [12].”
InfluentialStetsiv, K., Wilks, C. R., & Carpenter, R. W. (2026) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2026.2620799 · Cited by 1
“…attempts as related but distinct processes with different predictors and explanations, highlighting the need to understand what factors predict, among those with SI, who is most likely to attempt suicide (Joiner, 2005; Klonsky et al., 2021; Klonsky & May, 2015; O’Connor et al., 2011; Rudd, 2006).”
Development of a tool for assessing awareness of consequences of suicide
Macintyre, V. G., Pratt, D., Mansell, W., & Tai, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1736232
“By contrast, awareness of consequences of suicide is thought to fluctuate non-linearly (Macintyre et al., 2021), and may also relate to shifts in wish to live and wish to die (Oakey-Frost et al., 2023), as proposed in the Fluid Vulnerability Theory (FVT; Rudd, 2006).”
Determining suicide risk in an adolescent population: Questionnaire-based approaches
Varela, A. M., Oronoz, M., Casillas, A., Muela, A., García‐Ormaza, J., & Pérez, A. (2026) · Health Informatics Journal · doi:10.1177/14604582251383777
“In addition, modern explanatory theories of suicide risk such as the fl uid vulnerability theory, 43 the interpersonal theory of suicide 44 or the three-step theory were taken into account.”
Paradoxical positivity and community engagement in online suicide discourse
Kelly, F., & Elledge, L. C. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2026.109024
Batterham, P. J., O’Dea, B., Borschmann, R., Calear, A. L., Farrer, L. M., Han, J., Gendi, M., Heffernan, C., & Christensen, H. C. (2026) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2026.105049
Karnick, A. T., Brick, L. A. D., Rice, T. B., Williams, K., Robison, M., Edelman, S. M., Schatten, H. T., Joiner, T. E., & Capron, D. W. (2026) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2026.105052
Wolfe, M. T., Carr, J. C., Rejeb, N., Stephan, U., Thurik, R., & Torres, O. (2026) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research · doi:10.1108/ijebr-05-2026-138
Li, Z., Huang, Y., Zhou, J., Wu, F., & Wu, K. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-08153-3
“Previous studies have demonstrated that the memory of suicidal thoughts in MDD patients can become strengthened, thus lowering the threshold for suicide and potentially leading to suicide attempts [4].”
Initial Development of Group Brief Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Fidelity Assessment Instruments
Baker, J. C., Cain, S. M., Prowten, S. D., Gunn, L. H., Williams, S., Charles, C., Rikli, H., Grover, S. G., Cramer, R. J., & Khazem, L. R. (2026) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-026-10749-8
Rymaszewska, J., Fila-Witecka, K., Szcześniak, D. M., Hildebrand, W., Pawłowska, E., & Magdziarz, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1795845
ÇELEBİ, G. Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1821283
“According to the Theory, while some persistent personality traits may reflect fundamental vulnerability, situational or cognitive-emotional processes can act as acute triggering factors (Rudd, 2006).”
Johnson, D. H., Vujanovic, A. A., & Albanese, B. J. (2026) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2026.105092
Feng, J., Zhang, R., Ren, Y., Zhou, J., Zheng, J., Wu, Y., Yu, Y., Zhu, R., & Wang, F. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-08253-0
“…Fluid Vulnerability Theory (FVT) posits that baseline risk and acute risk interact dynamically, such that individuals with higher vulnerability (i.e., elevated baseline risk) are more susceptible to the activation of suicidal modes when triggered, compared to those with lower vulnerability [48].”
Persistent suicidality: a concept analysis using Rodgers’ evolutionary approach
Merbis, F., Palm, M. M., van Wijngaarden, E. J., Lutters, B. T. H., Beekman, A. T. F., & van Veen, S. M. P. (2026) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2026.2682189
Chen, Y., Tong, Y., Li, J., Song, C., & Zhao, Q. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Big Data · doi:10.1109/tbdata.2026.3705416
“In stark contrast, groundedintheclinicalFluidVulnerabilityTheory[22],suicidal cuesduringanactivecrisiscallaretemporallysparseandhighly non-linear[23].”
Jeong, H., Noh, H., Fulginiti, A., Hopson, L., Doh, N., & Nelson-Gardell, D. (2026) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228261463885
Aftersun: Illuminating the Biopsychosocial Model of Suicide Through Film
Fischer, I. C. (2026) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.2026.2694306
Suicide prevention and preserving the daily fight to live
Cha, C. B. (2026) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-026-00685-7
Wichelhaus, E., Schreiber, D., Höller, I., & Forkmann, T. (2026) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/81095
“Descriptive frameworks such as the Suicide Crisis Syndrome [44], the Fluid Vulnerability Theory [45], or the Ambiva-lence Model of Suicidality [46] all share the assumption that suicidal crises can emerge quickly and are characterized by sharp, short-term increases in SI and intent.”
Perceived Family Support in Adolescence and its Impact on Suicide risk: A Narrative Review
Caro‐Cañizares, I., Arco, A. H.-D., Laseca-Zaballa, G., Brenlla, M. E., & Carballo, J. J. (2026) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-026-01713-0
“The Integrated Motivational-Volitional (IMV) Model [18, 27] conceptualizes suicidal behavior in three phases: pre-motivational, motivational, and volitional.”
Liu, L., Yuan, H., & Wang, W. (2026) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-026-03158-5
Boffa, J. W., Dillon, K. H., Kearns, J. C., & Zelkowitz, R. L. (2026) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2026.2715598 · Cited by 1
A pilot study of BRAVE, a CBT intervention to reduce violence risk in early psychosis
Rolin, S. A., Jankowski, S. E., Flores, M. G., Nossel, I. R., Bello, I., Wainberg, M. L., Pope, L. G., Compton, M. T., Dixon, L. B., & Appelbaum, P. S. (2026) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x26100816
“…suicide risk, FVT posits that risk arises from the interaction of stable vulnerabilities (e.g. enduring cognitive or behavioural tendencies) with acute triggers (e.g. symptom exacerbation), which fluctuate across multiple domains (affective, cognitive, behavioural, and physiological) (Rudd, 2006).”
Exploring Perceived Utility of Living vs. Dying in Relation to Suicidal Ideation Over Time
Law, K. C., Rogers, M. L., Lin, Y.-C., & Bauer, B. W. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.70215
Bryan, C. J., Ammendola, E., Bauder, C. R., Daruwala, S. E., Hiser, J., Khazem, L. R., Hay, J. M., Bryan, A. O., & Baker, J. C. (2026) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-026-04382-x
“Phase II applies cognitive strategies to identify and modify beliefs that precipitate and sustain periods of heightened risk, such as hopelessness and perceived burdensome-ness [ 38, 48].”
Hasanlı, Z. U., Varlı, M. R., Kurtoğlu, M. B., Katar, K. S., İspir, G. Z., & Danışman, M. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-08349-7
“…by self-stigma, such as worthlessness, defectiveness, and shame, may contribute to core components of suicide cognitions, particularly perceived unlovability and unbearability [19], and may represent a potential mechanism underlying the association between self-stigma and suicide cognitions.”
InfluentialGautam, K., Paudel, K., Wickersham, J. A., Bhusal, S., Sujan, M. S. H., Khati, A., Chaudhari, P. R., Devkota, N., Xu, R., Copenhaver, M. M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2026.2732887
AVALIAÇÃO DO RISCO SUICIDA EM ADULTOS COM TRANSTORNO DO ESPECTRO AUTISTA: Revisão integrativa
Pichorim, J. S., dos Santos, L. M., Ferreira, M., Portes, J. R. M., & Alves, R. B. (2026) · Psicologia e Saúde em Debate · doi:10.22289/2446-922x.v12a2a8
Richardson, J. S., Beatty, A. E., Batten, S. V., Low, D. M., & Grimes, A. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.113218
The indirect effects of trauma-related shame and experiential avoidance on PTSD and suicidality
Quiroga, J., Johnson, D. H., & Albanese, B. J. (2026) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2026.2736051
Akbulut, Ö. F., Kütük, H., Akyıl, Y., Okur, S., & Erdinç, B. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-10127-3
“Importantly, suicide cognitions and depression sensitivity represent conceptually related but distinct constructs, although both constructs involve maladaptive cognitive processes and are associated with psychological distress, and their association has been frequently documented (Rudd, 2006).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Rudd, M. D.
- Affiliations
- Baylor University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rudd, M. David
- ORCID
- Rudd, M. David
- Venue
- Cognition and suicide: Theory, research, and therapy.
- Publisher
- American Psychological Association
- Published
- 2006
- Pages
- 355-368
- OpenAlex
- W1744999525
- Cited by
- 463
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 20.02
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychological Association eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- suicide risk, cognitive approach, suicide prevention
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