The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Not so ugly after all: When shame acts as a commitment device.
Open accessAbstract
Most psychological theories and research on shame focus on the ugly aspects and negative consequences of this emotion. Theories on moral emotions, however, assume that shame acts as a commitment device motivating prosocial behavior. To solve this apparent paradox, the authors studied the effects of shame on prosocial behavior. Shame was hypothesized to motivate prosocial behavior when it was relevant for the decision at hand (endogenous). In contrast, shame that was not relevant for the decision at hand (exogenous) was hypothesized to have no such effects. Four experiments with three different shame inductions and two different measures of prosocial behavior confirmed that endogenous shame motivated prosocial behavior for proselfs but that exogenous shame did not. Shame is shown to have a clear interpersonal function in the sense that it acts as a commitment device.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,866
The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud
Freud, S. (1953) · Cited by 17,730
Erikson, E. H. (2026) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.18614668 · Cited by 11,235
Social psychology: handbook of basic principles
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-3496 · Cited by 5,473
Handbook of Affective Sciences
(2002) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195126013.001.0001 · Cited by 5,073
Review of personality and social psychology
Wheeler, L. S., & Shaver, P. R. (1980) · UMI Books on Demand · Cited by 3,593
Beyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgement and choice
Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D. (2000) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999300402763 · Cited by 3,171
Passions within reason: the strategic role of the emotions
(1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.26-4535 · Cited by 2,967
Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness
Frijda, N. H., Kuipers, P., & ter Schure, E. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.212 · Cited by 2,379
Prosocial Behavior: Multilevel Perspectives
Penner., L. A., Dovidio., J. F., Piliavin., J. A., & Schroeder., D. A. (2005) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070141 · Cited by 2,308
Cited by
Rai, T. S., & Fiske, A. P. (2011) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0021867 · Cited by 887
Guilty conscience: motivating pro-environmental behavior by inducing negative moral emotions
Rees, J. H., Klug, S., & Bamberg, S. (2015) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1278-x · Cited by 289
The Effect of Negative Message Framing on Green Consumption: An Investigation of the Role of Shame
Amatulli, C., De Angelis, M., Peluso, A. M., Soscia, I., & Guido, G. (2019) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-017-3644-x · Cited by 267
Shame closely tracks the threat of devaluation by others, even across cultures
Sznycer, D., Tooby, J., Cosmides, L., Porat, R., Shalvi, S., & Halperin, E. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1514699113 · Cited by 251
How leaders' emotional displays shape followers' organizational citizenship behavior
Koning, L. F., & Van Kleef, G. A. (2015) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.03.001 · Cited by 127
Metadata
- Authors
- de Hooge, I. E., Breugelmans, S. M., & Zeelenberg, M.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2008-10
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 933-943
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2090942346
- Cited by
- 306
- References
- 56
- FWCI
- 11.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Not so ugly after all: When shame acts as a commitment device. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1037/a0011991
- The paper
- de Hooge, I. E., Breugelmans, S. M., & Zeelenberg, M. (2008). Not so ugly after all: When shame acts as a commitment device. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0011991
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.