The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Judging the intensity of facial expressions of emotion: depression-related biases in the processing of positive affect
Open accessAbstract
A forced-choice intensity judgment task was used to investigate biases in the processing of subtle expressions of emotion in participants with major depressive disorder (MDD). Participants were presented with 2 pictures of the same actor side by side, either depicting a neutral and a subtle emotional expression or depicting a subtle positive and a subtle negative expression. Participants were asked to indicate which of the 2 pictures showed the stronger emotion. Compared with participants with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and with never-disordered controls (CTLs), participants with MDD were less likely to judge subtle happy expressions as more intense than neutral expressions. In addition, compared with the CTL participants, participants who had MDD and participants who had SAD were less likely to judge subtle happy expressions to be more intense than negative expressions. Biases in the judgment of the intensity of subtle expressions of positive affect could play an important role in the interpersonal difficulties that are associated with depression.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“compared with healthy volunteers, depressed subjects rated the intensity of negative emotions as higher (Naranjo et al., 2011) and the intensity of positive facial expressions as lower (Yoon et al., 2009).”
From Social functioning in major depressive disorder (2016) · cites this paper as Yoon et al., 2009
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
(1970) · Cited by 24,983
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_121117 · Cited by 20,772
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617 · Cited by 12,052
(1975) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,245
Ekman, P. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,345
Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders
Ince, L. P. (1977) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1977.31.4.633 · Cited by 2,889
The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions.
Ekman, P., & Davidson, R. J. (1994) · Oxford University Press eBooks · Cited by 2,839
Universals and cultural differences in the judgments of facial expressions of emotion.
Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., O'Sullivan, M., Chan, A., Diacoyanni-Tarlatzis, I., Heider, K., Krause, R., LeCompte, W. A., Pitcairn, T., Ricci-Bitti, P. E., et al. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.53.4.712 · Cited by 1,763
Gotlib, I. H., & Hammen, C. L. (2002) · Cited by 980
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Gotlib IH Hammen CL Psychological aspects of depression: Toward a cognitive-interpersonal integration 1992 John Wiley & Sons Oxford, England
- Hammen C Depression 1997 Psychology Press Hove, England
- Niedenthal PM Halberstadt JB Margolin J Innes-Ker ÅH Emotional state and the detection of change in facial expression of emotion European Journal of Social Psychology 2000 30 211 222
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–122 of 122
Gordillo, F., Martínez, J. M. A., Mestas, L., & Cruz, J. S. (2011) · Edupsykhé Revista de Psicología y Educación · doi:10.57087/edupsykhe.v10i2.3853 · Cited by 1
A happy face advantage for pareidolic faces in children and adults
Jakobsen, K. V., Hickman, C. M., & Simpson, E. A. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2024.106127 · Cited by 1
Golkhatmi, S. H. S., Homayoni, S., Bakhshani, N., Sadjadi, S. A., & Asl, M. S. (2015) · Galen Medical Journal · doi:10.31661/gmj.v4i3.358 · Cited by 1
Rochet, M., El‐Hage, W., Dreyfuss, L., & Atanasova, B. (2020) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14844 · Cited by 1
Briceño, E. M. (2013) · Human Biology
Does sleep affect socio-emotional functioning?
Beattie, L. (2015) · Enlighten: Theses (The University of Glasgow)
Effects of short intervention for the processing of facial expressions in depression
Lylander, E. (2010) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä)
Karppinen, E. (2010) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä)
IN THE ASSESSMENT OF FACIAL EXPRESSION. ARTIFACT OR REALITY
León, F. G., Cela, J., Martínez, J. M. A., Hernández, L. M., & Cruz, J. S. (2011) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)
Dysphoria and facial emotion recognition: Examining the role of rumination
Duong, D. (2012) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo)
Chapman, H. (2016) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
Emotion Perception Correlates In Moderate And Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Keelan, R. E. (2016) · Human Biology
Study on Cult Members’ Characteristics of Cognitive Biases and Its Relationship with Depression
郭, 海. (2017) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2017.710149
Neurocognitive Mechanisms for Detecting Early Phase of Depressive Disorder
Tarai, S. (2019) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-8567-1.ch010
The Influence of Self-Control on Hostile Intention of Depression-Susceptible Individuals
戴, 红. (2021) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2021.1112316
Depressive Tendency Biases Ensemble Perception of Emotional Faces
Lin, Z., Gong, M., Chen, Y., & Sheng, H. (2025) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/9996485
Characteristics of Emotion Recognition in College Students with Depressed State
李, 舒. (2025) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2025.1512633
Rochet, M. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/fca54068zca4ez46f7z940ezd140a60117df
Hoffmann, F., Bentz, L. K., Entringer, S., Winter, S. M., Buß, C., & Heim, C. C. (2026) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-026-03055-x
Emotional processing biases in the longitudinal course of major depressive disorder
Hierl, K., Wollweber, L., Lemke, H., Esser, L., Abati, C., Grotegerd, D., Dohm, K., Kraus, A., Leehr, E. J., Kjærstad, H. L., et al. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122362
Bakerman, D. (2013) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-2951
Metadata
- Authors
- Yoon, K. L., Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2009-02
- Volume
- 118
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 223-228
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- PMC
- PMC2835523
- OpenAlex
- W2068121700
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 11.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Maryland Shared Open Access Repository (USMAI Consortium) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH080683)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, social anxiety disorder, positive affect, interpersonal problems
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Judgment, Male, Middle Aged, Phobic Disorders, Visual Perception, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review