Is this happiness I see? Biases in the identification of emotional facial expressions in depression and social phobia.
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine the operation of depression-specific biases in the identification or labeling of facial expression of emotions. Participants diagnosed with major depression and social phobia and control participants were presented with faces that expressed increasing degrees of emotional intensity, slowly changing from a neutral to a full-intensity happy, sad, or angry expression. The authors assessed individual differences in the intensity of facial expression of emotion that was required for the participants to accurately identify the emotion being expressed. The depressed participants required significantly greater intensity of emotion than did the social phobic and the control participants to correctly identify happy expressions and less intensity to identify sad than angry expressions. In contrast, social phobic participants needed less intensity to correctly identify the angry expressions than did the depressed and control participants and less intensity to identify angry than sad expressions. Implications of these results for interpersonal functioning in depression and social phobia are discussed.
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Depressed patients required significantly greater intensity of emotion to correctly identify happy expressions as happy both in acute stages and in remission.
“depressed patients required significantly greater intensity of emotion to correctly identify happy expressions as happy both in acute stages (Joormann and Gotlib, 2006;Münkler et al., 2015) and in remission (LeMoult et al., 2009).”
From Social functioning in major depressive disorder (2016) · cites this paper as Joormann and Gotlib, 2006
Executive-function deficits have commonly been found in individuals with depression using neuropsychological tests, other behavioral tasks, and self-report measures.
“Deficits purported to fall within the domain of EF have commonly been found in individuals with depression using neuropsychological tests (Channon et al. 1993; Gohier, et al. 2009; Porter et al. 2003; Purcell et al. 1997; for a review see, Snyder 2013), other behavioral tasks (Joormann and Gotlib 2008; Rose and Ebmeier 2006), and self-report measures (Warren, Heller, and Miller, under review).”
From Executive Function Deficits in Daily Life Prospectively Predict Increases in Depressive Symptoms (2014) · cites this paper as Joormann and Gotlib 2008
Executive function deficits have been associated with higher levels of rumination, and greater executive function deficits in depressed individuals have been associated with higher rumination.
“EF deficits have been associated with higher levels of rumination and greater EF deficits in individuals with depression have been associated with higher levels of rumination (Davis and Nolen-Hoeksema 2000; Joormann and Gotlib 2008).”
From Executive Function Deficits in Daily Life Prospectively Predict Increases in Depressive Symptoms (2014) · cites this paper as Joormann and Gotlib 2008
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- Authors
- Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2006-11
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 705-714
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- OpenAlex
- W2127699202
- Cited by
- 438
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 10.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- German Research Foundation (JO/399-1; JO/399-2)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH59259)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotional facial expressions, emotion recognition, depression, social anxiety disorder, emotional intensity, happiness, sadness, anger, interpersonal functioning
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Facial Expression, Happiness, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Middle Aged, Phobic Disorders, Severity of Illness Index, Visual Perception, Expressed Emotion, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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