Cited by 362Mental Health Research TopicsPersonality Disorders and PsychopathologyAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Clinical assessment of affective instability: Comparing EMA indices, questionnaire reports, and retrospective recall.

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Solhan, Marika B., Trull, Timothy J., Jahng, Seungmin, Wood, Phillip K.·2009·Psychological Assessment

DOI 10.1037/a0016869PMC PMC2864015

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Abstract

Traditional self-report measures of psychopathology may be influenced by a variety of recall biases. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) reduces these biases by assessing individuals' experiences as they occur in their natural environments. This study examines the discrepancy between trait questionnaire, retrospective report, and EMA measures of affective instability in psychiatric outpatients either with a borderline personality diagnosis (n = 58) or with a current episode of major depressive disorder or dysthymia (n = 42). The authors examined the agreement of 3 trait measures of affective instability-the Affective Instability subscale of the Personality Assessment Inventory-Borderline Features scale (L. C. Morey, 1991), the Affect Intensity Measure (R. J. Larsen, E. Diener, & R. Emmons, 1986), and the Affect Lability Scales (P. D. Harvey, B. R. Greenberg, & M. R. Serper, 1989)-and 1 retrospective mood recall task with EMA indices of mood and mood instability. Results indicate only modest to moderate agreement between momentary and questionnaire assessments of trait affective instability; agreement between recalled mood changes and EMA indices was poor. Implications for clinical research and practice and possible applications of EMA methodology are discussed.

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Glucose variability and mood in people with type 1 diabetes using ecological momentary assessment
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Background
Experience sampling method versus questionnaire measurement of HIV stigma: Psychosocial predictors of response discrepancies and associations with HIV outcomes.
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Momentary assessment of everyday physical pain in outpatients with borderline personality disorder.
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Food Consumption as Affect Modulation in Borderline Personality
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Using an ecological momentary assessment protocol to understand problem anger in veterans.
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“In light of these challenges, it has been recommended to assess the core BPD traits not only with standard questionnaires or interviews, as these results reflect overall tendencies and often fail to capture moment-to-moment or situation-tosituation fluctuations (Solhan et al., 2009).”
Background
Operationalizing undifferentiated affect: Validity and utility in clinical samples
Lane, S. P., & Trull, T. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.690030 · Cited by 8
“Previous studies have reported on differences between these two diagnostic groups in terms of mean levels (e.g., Trull et al., 2008; Solhan et al., 2009; Tomko et al., 2014, 2015) and associations between (Jahng et al.”
ResultSelf-citation
No evidence of seasonal variation in mild forms of depression
LoBello, S. G., & Mehta, S. (2018) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.09.003 · Cited by 9
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“…useful in adding to the evidence-base of HL-related stigma, such measures have the potential to be influenced by inaccurate or incomplete recall (Bradburn, Rips, and Shevell 1987) and/or by recall bias when a person is asked to summarise their experiences over a period of time (Solhan et al. 2009).”
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Background
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Costache, M. E., Gioia, F., Vanello, N., Greco, A., Capobianco, A., Weibel, S., & Weiner, L. (2025) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-025-00288-1 · Cited by 5
“Given that previous studies have reported minimal to moderate correspondences between retrospective self-reports and EMA [73], there is a need for more ecological studies to track intervention effects.”
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Background
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“Similar disagreements between retrospective and momentary reports have been noted in individuals with borderline personality disorder (Mneimne et al., 2021; Solhan et al., 2009).”
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“…has been some prior work in this space assessing the agreement between self-report measures of trait anxiety and ecological momentary assessment (EMA) questionnaire responses, however many studies that capture both don't directly make this comparison (Edmondson et al., 2013; Solhan et al., 2009).”
Background
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Background
Implicit Associations of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury with Relief in Posttraumatic Stress and Depressive Disorders*
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“Given that children with ADHD tend to have extreme variability in NA [50], mean squared successive difference (MSSD) NA (i.e., NA variability) scores were calculated by following procedures outlined by Solhan and colleagues [51].”
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“This affective lability has been well demonstrated in studies of patients with BPD who self-recorded mood fluctuations and psychosocial stressors several times each day.(146) In contrast to patients with major depressive disorders, patients with BPD characteristically report a distinct quality of mood better described…”
Result
Examining missingness at the momentary level in clinical research using ecological momentary assessment: Implications for suicide researchPreprint
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Experiences With Mobile Health-Enabled Ambulatory Monitoring Among Stroke Survivors: A Qualitative Study
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Alacha, H. F., Rosen, P. J., & Bufferd, S. J. (2024) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-024-02852-9 · Cited by 4
“The use of MSSD scores to capture affect variability is a validated method because it re ﬂ ects lability and temporal dependency in a time series (Ebner-Priemer et al., 2009; Jahng et al., 2008; Miller et al., 2009; Solhan et al., 2009).”
Influential
Cross-Platform Ecological Momentary Assessment App (JTrack-EMA+): Development and Usability Study
Far, M. S., Fischer, J. M., Senge, S., Rathmakers, R., Meißner, T., Schneble, D., Narava, M., Eickhoff, S. B., & Dukart, J. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/51689 · Cited by 3
“The self-reports from in-clinic visits may also be subject to higher recall bias, notably when asked to recall memories and past events [3].”
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“Traditional data collection methods that rely on retrospective reports may struggle to capture these dynamics due to several biases, such as recency and novelty effects, which may compromise their validity [30].”
Direct gambling marketing, direct harm: A randomised experiment
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“People are more likely to have bias in recall when considering more distant past events (e.g. in the last 12 months) [36] and show social desirability in responding [33], such as minimising losses or difficulties.”
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Kim, E., Laine, T. H., Suk, H., & Jo, Y. W. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05534-9 · Cited by 3
“People tend to preferentially remember information about the self, over information about others and attempt to mentally reproduce information about past events that they do not remember in detail (Solhan et al., 2009; Symons & Johnson, 1997).”
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Predicting quantity of cannabis smoked in daily life: An exploratory study using machine learning
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Self-citation
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The temporal relation of arousal and perceived rejection in patients with borderline personality disorder and depressive disorders: An experience sampling approach.
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Construct Validation of the Korean Affective Lability Scale-Short Form
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Ecological momentary assessment of contextual variables, satisfaction, and emotional and behavioral states of adolescents by level of victimization
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Self-citation
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“However, it is well-known that such assess - ments are subject to a number of heuristic biases like pri - macy/recency and peak-end [ 42], and the accuracy of momentary reports is higher than retrospective reports of events, behaviors, and experiences [43, 44].”
Self-citation
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“However, due to the retrospective bias of measuring psychological constructs, paper‐and‐pencil methodologies might not accurately reflect the experience of participants.(28) Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) has received attention to overcome this limitation by collecting real‐time ecologically valid information.”
Background
Measuring Continuous Affect in Daily Life With Intensity Profile Drawings
Cloos, L., Mestdagh, M., Vanpaemel, W., Ceulemans, E., & Kuppens, P. (2024) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911241266286 · Cited by 8
“The field of affect dynamics focuses on changes in our affective experiences over time and contexts to better understand the mechanisms behind our affective system and its relationship with mental health and well-being (e.g., Brose et al., 2013; Solhan et al., 2009; Wright et al., 2015).”
Changes in affect variability after starting gender-affirming hormone therapy
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An Examination of Instagram Use and Body Image in a Sociocultural Model of Disordered Eating
Haller, S. (2020) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 2
Emotion in non-suicidal self-injury: A contradiction between global self-reports and real-time responses
Robinson, K. (2021) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.16960195.v1 · Cited by 2
Special issue: Personality in stress risk and resilience
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“The Mean Square Successive Difference (MSSD) was used to assess variability between consecutive time points in the time series [35, 36].”
Within-person associations between psychological and contextual factors and dietary lapse in adults: a machine learning–assisted systematic review and meta-analysis
Liu, G., Ma, H., Pei, R., Chen, B., Yang, Z., Li, S., Lei, L., Wang, A., Tang, X., Su, C., et al. (2025) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaaf087 · Cited by 1
Mechanisms of Change in a Self-Help Parenting Program for Child Behavioral Difficulties: the Role of Unsupportive Parenting
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“In our study, the EMA and the ECBI-I scores correlated moderately assessed at baseline ( r =.47), indicating that the two measures capture overlapping but distinct aspects of child behavioral difficulties, in line with previous findings (Solhan et al., 2009).”
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“Traditional approaches to monitoring depression rely heavily on clinician-administered or self-report measures, which are subject to recall bias, social desirability effects, and limited ecological validity (Solhan et al., 2009).”
Comparing Ecological Momentary Assessments and Time Diary Methods for Measuring Daily Life
Peng, S.-Y., Perry, B. L., & Roth, A. R. (2026) · Sociological methodology · doi:10.1177/00811750261419100 · Cited by 1
“This methodology has provided many useful insights into a range of social processes, including emotional states, pain levels, and health behaviors (Monnaatsie et al. 2024; Overton et al. 2023; Solhan et al. 2009).”
Emotion regulation variability and chronic pain: An ecological momentary assessment study
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Lampe, E. W., Collins, A. C., Lee, A. R., Enbar-Salo, N., Griffin, T. Z., Pillai, A., Heinz, M. V., Lekkas, D., Nemesure, M. D., Mackin, D. M., et al. (2026) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2026.104986 · Cited by 2
Ecological Momentary Assessment of Person-Reported Outcomes in Diabetes: Unlocking Insights with Continuous Glucose Monitoring and the Potential for Precision Medicine
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“Other parameters, such as the variability of mental states (e.g., mood) within or across days can also be calculated and offer relevant information on fluctuations or stability (e.g., mood swings, emotional stability) [15 ].”
Real-Time Symptom Ratings Using Ecological Momentary Assessment Versus Traditional Questionnaires in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Observational Study
Palmen, B., Herck, M. V., Goërtz, Y. M. J., Ebadi, Z., Deng, Q., Thong, M. S. Y., Burtin, C., Peters, J. B., Sprooten, R. T. M., Bischoff, E. W. M. A., et al. (2026) · JMIR Medical Informatics · doi:10.2196/79001 · Cited by 2
“In the study of Solhan et al [16], EMA indices only showed modest agreement with retrospective reports of affective instability, further underscoring the limitations of relying solely on retrospective assessment.”
Influential
Digital and computational innovations for posttraumatic stress disorder: How digital technologies can improve diagnosis, risk stratification, and individualized treatment
Hilberdink, C. E., Huibregtse, M. E., Hinojosa, C. A., Dean, G. S., van Zuiden, M., & Schultebraucks, K. (2026) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.70108 · Cited by 1
Grand angle : variabilité intra-individuelle chez Ninot et Costalat-Founeau (2011), un commentaire dans la perspective de la psychodynamique expérimentale
Saillot, I. (2014) · Psychologie Française · doi:10.1016/j.psfr.2014.02.004 · Cited by 1
Levels and Instability of Positive Affect, Negative Affect, and Self-Esteem and Their Relations with Depression and Neuroticism: Analyses of Multilevel Models with Experience Sampling Methods
seul, L., & 장승민 (2017) · 한국심리학회지 사회및성격 · doi:10.21193/kjspp.2017.31.4.009 · Cited by 1
Validation of Ecological Momentary Assessment With Reference to Accelerometer Data: Repeated-Measures Panel Study With Multilevel Modeling
Noh, J. M., Im, S. H., Park, J., Kim, J., Lee, M., & Choi, J. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/59878 · Cited by 1
“However, there have been inconsistent findings regarding the agreement between momentary and recall-based assessment methods [26,27], and validation of the suggested approach for assessing PA remains limited.”

Authors: Solhan, M. B., Trull, T. J., Jahng, S., & Wood, P. K.
Affiliations: University of Missouri (US)
ORCID: Solhan, Marika B.
Trull, Timothy J.
Jahng, Seungmin
Wood, Phillip K.
Venue: Psychological Assessment
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2009-09
Volume: 21
Issue: 3
Pages: 425-436
ISSN: 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
1939-134X
DOI: 10.1037/a0016869
PMC: PMC2864015
OpenAlex: W2019004439
Cited by: 362
References: 50
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 13.97
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH069472)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: neuroticism, ecological momentary assessment, recall bias, borderline personality disorder, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, psychiatric outpatients, mood instability
MeSH terms: Adult, Borderline Personality Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Personality Inventory, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Mental Recall, Self Disclosure, Social Environment, Reproducibility of Results, Dysthymic Disorder, Mood Disorders

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Clinical assessment of affective instability: Comparing EMA indices, questionnaire reports, and retrospective recall.

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