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Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder.
Open accessAbstract
Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is an established program shown to reduce symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression. MBSR is believed to alter emotional responding by modifying cognitive-affective processes. Given that social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by emotional and attentional biases as well as distorted negative self-beliefs, we examined MBSR-related changes in the brain-behavior indices of emotional reactivity and regulation of negative self-beliefs in patients with SAD. Sixteen patients underwent functional MRI while reacting to negative self-beliefs and while regulating negative emotions using 2 types of attention deployment emotion regulation-breath-focused attention and distraction-focused attention. Post-MBSR, 14 patients completed neuroimaging assessments. Compared with baseline, MBSR completers showed improvement in anxiety and depression symptoms and self-esteem. During the breath-focused attention task (but not the distraction-focused attention task), they also showed (a) decreased negative emotion experience, (b) reduced amygdala activity, and (c) increased activity in brain regions implicated in attentional deployment. MBSR training in patients with SAD may reduce emotional reactivity while enhancing emotion regulation. These changes might facilitate reduction in SAD-related avoidance behaviors, clinical symptoms, and automatic emotional reactivity to negative self-beliefs in adults with SAD.
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“More specifically, in patients with SAD, MBSR has been shown to increase mindfulness skills, attention regulation, self-esteem, functioning and quality of life, as well as decrease negative self-views, trait anxiety, negative emotional reactivity, and depression (Goldin & Gross, 2010; Goldin, Ramel, & Gross, 2009; Goldin, Ziv, Jazaieri, & Gross, 2012a; Goldin, Ziv, Jazaieri, Hahn, & Gross, 2013b;”
From Trajectories of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness during an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Goldin & Gross, 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Two studies have found increases in the ability to implement attention deployment emotion regulation strategies following MBSR for SAD, specifically, for participant-generated negative self-beliefs embedded in autobiographical social anxiety related situations (Goldin & Gross, 2010; Goldin, Ziv, Jazaieri, Hahn, & Gross, 2013a).”
From Trajectories of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness during an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Goldin & Gross, 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Besides observing unique changes, which existed during meditation, several studies have previously reported meditation induced long-term changes in brain structure (Lazar et al. 2005), attentional processing (Carter et al. 2005), and emotional processing (Goldin and Gross 2010).”
From Brain–Heart Interactions Underlying Traditional Tibetan Buddhist Meditation (2019) · cites this paper as Goldin and Gross 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Prior studies using the autobiographical social situation emotion regulation fMRI task have found similar reductions in negative emotion when reacting and reappraising negative self-beliefs following CBT for SAD 17 and when implementing breath-focused and meta-cognitive attention regulation following MBSR for SAD.19,22”
From Evaluation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs Mindfulness Meditation in Brain Changes During Reappraisal and Acceptance Among Patients With Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In fact, mindfulness and meditation practices have been shown to improve the prefrontal cortex’s ability to enhance its inhibitory functions, specifically on the amygdala [61–66], which may lead to an increased ability to recall positive events.”
From Association between time perspective and metacognition among Lebanese adults: the mediating role of mindfulness (2023) · cites this paper as [65]
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The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“individuals suffering from anxiety disorders typically lack or have lower levels of mindfulness capacities (49).”
From Decreases in State and Trait Anxiety Post-psilocybin: A Naturalistic, Observational Study Among Retreat Attendees (2022) · cites this paper as [49]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Previous research has generally found a moderate to strong correlation between mindfulness training and emotional resilience and satisfaction [18,22,38,55,56].”
From The Effectiveness of a Four-Week Online Mindfulness Training Course on Individual Mindfulness Skills and Personal Perception of Stress in Company Employees Working from Home (2022) · cites this paper as [56]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Several studies showed that these practices alleviate the stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms, inducing subjective changes in meditators that result in improved cognitive functioning and general well-being [34,35,36,37].”
From Beneficial effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction training on the well-being of a female sample during the first total lockdown due to covid-19 pandemic in italy (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“MBSR techniques are more effective in changing emotions [20].”
From The Effects of Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction Group Therapy on Anxiety, Depression, Stress, and the Intolerance of Uncertainty in Infertile Women (2020) · cites this paper as [20]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“it has been demonstrated that mindfulness-based clinical interventions have beneficial outcomes on the treatment of affect-related psychopathology, including major depression (Bondolfi et al., 2010;Teasdale et al., 2000) and anxiety disorders (Goldin and Gross, 2010;Kabat-Zinn et al., 1992;Kim et al., 2009).”
From Impact of mindfulness on the neural responses to emotional pictures in experienced and beginner meditators (2011) · cites this paper as Goldin and Gross, 2010
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In the citing paper
“Increasing research has shown that mindfulness-based interventions can effectively alleviate anxiety”
From Anticipatory threat responses mediate the relationship between mindfulness and anxiety: A cross-sectional study (2022) · cites this paper as [13]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Patients with SAD, after completing MBSR, demonstrated a reduction in neural activity in the amygdala and an increase in neural activity in attention-related regions when performing a breath-focused attention task [43].”
From Potential therapeutic effects of meditation for treating affective dysregulation (2014) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness-based approaches have been shown clinically to be effective for chronic pain,8 stress,9 depression,10 and anxiety.10”
From A Mindfulness-Based Intervention to Control Weight After Bariatric Surgery: Preliminary Results From a Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Finally, the “low mindfulness group” was always significantly better than the “judgmentally observing” group (Class 4) on these outcomes, but significantly worse than the “non-judgmentally aware” and “high mindfulness groups.””
From Mindfulness and emotional outcomes: Identifying subgroups of college students using latent profile analysis (2015) · cites this paper as Goldin & Gross, 2010
In the citing paper
“Only two studies have demonstrated improved emotional reactivity (using personalized scripts) following a standard (8 week) mindfulness interventions in clinical samples (social anxiety and substance abuse) (Brewer et al., 2009; Goldin & Gross, 2010), but neither used a depressed sample undergoing MBCT.”
From Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Improves Emotional Reactivity to Social Stress: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial (2012) · cites this paper as Goldin & Gross, 2010
In the citing paper
“A frequently reported finding is that mindfulness practice is associated with a diminished activation of the amygdala in response to emotional stimuli during mindful states [24,25].”
From A translational neuroscience perspective on mindfulness meditation as a prevention strategy (2016) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“For instance, in a longitudinal and uncontrolled study, patients with social anxiety disorder before and after MBSR showed diminished right dorsal amygdala activity during reacting to negative self-belief statements [24].”
From A translational neuroscience perspective on mindfulness meditation as a prevention strategy (2016) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“MBSR has been shown to lead to reduced negative experience (Goldin and Gross, 2010; Kaviani et al., 2011) and quicker recovery from a negative challenge (Britton et al., 2012; Raes et al., 2009).”
From Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli (2018) · cites this paper as Goldin and Gross, 2010
In the citing paper
“Comparing two emotion regulation strategies using an anxiogenic task with negative self-beliefs, the authors found that being breathing-focused (vs. distraction-focused) produced minor negative emotional experiences, decreases in amygdala activation, and increased activation of the PCC, SPL, and IPL (areas involved in top-down emotion regulation, but also in self-awareness and attention processing”
From Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation: Insights from Neurobiological, Psychological, and Clinical Studies (2017) · cites this paper as Goldin and Gross, 2010
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Citations
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Flagged first, then by citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611419671 · Cited by 3,024
“Following participation in a mindfulness-based stress reduction course, social anxiety patients presented with negative self-beliefs showed a quicker decrease of activation in the amygdala as compared with measures taken before course completion (Goldin & Gross, 2010).”
The Neuroscience of Mindfulness Meditation
Tang, Y.-Y., Hölzel, B. K., & Posner, M. I. (2015) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3916 · Cited by 2,889
Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density
Hölzel, B. K., Carmody, J., Vangel, M., Congleton, C., Yerramsetti, S. M., Gard, T., & Lazar, S. W. (2011) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.08.006 · Cited by 1,914
“Further inclusion criteria were as follows: no meditation classes in the past 6 months, no more than four classes in the past 5 years, or 10 classes in their lifetime; 25 to 55 years old; no contraindications for MRI scanning (i.e., metallic implants, claustrophobia); commitment to attend all eight classes and perform…”
BackgroundInfluentialVan Dam, N. T., van Vugt, M. K., Vago, D. R., Schmalzl, L., Saron, C. D., Olendzki, A., Meissner, T., Lazar, S. W., Kerr, C. E., Gorchov, J., et al. (2018) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617709589 · Cited by 1,506
“…an effort to explain how meditation has been shown to influence emotion regulation, correlated with alterations in amygdala activity (e.g., Goldin & Gross, 2010), has stated, “ In terms of amydgala activity, people seem to belong to one of three groups . . . the ones with a joy-ful…”
Brewer, J. A., Worhunsky, P. D., Gray, J. R., Tang, Y.-Y., Weber, J., & Kober, H. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1112029108 · Cited by 1,409
“These outcomes have been associated with changes in basic psychological processes, such as improved attentional focus (20, 21), improved cognitive flexibility (22), reduced affective reactivity (23, 24), and modification or shifts away from a distorted or exaggerated view of oneself (18, 25).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goldin, Philippe R.
- Venue
- Emotion
- Published
- 2010-02
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 83-91
- ISSN
- 1528-3542 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1516
- PMC
- PMC4203918
- OpenAlex
- W2164348509
- Semantic Scholar
- a00e2f31b476bbfff0dddabcb1850d21b549115a
- Cited by
- 1,242
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 106 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 90 · 2017: 76 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 95 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 63
- FWCI
- 66.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (R21 AT003644-01)
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Mind and Life Summer Research Institute
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based stress reduction, social anxiety disorder, emotion regulation, negative self-beliefs, emotional reactivity, amygdala activity, attentional deployment, self-esteem, avoidance behavior
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Brain, Emotions, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Phobic Disorders, Stress, Psychological, Meditation
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