The DOI matches its Crossref record; 91 of the 93 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Childhood emotional abuse and attachment processes in the dyadic adjustment of dating couples.
Abstract
In an effort to improve understanding of the mechanisms that link early maltreatment to later outcomes, this study investigated the mediation effects of adult attachment processes on the association between childhood emotional abuse and later romantic relationships among heterosexual couples. College students and their dating partners (N = 310; 155 couples) completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Experiences in Close Relationship Scale, and Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Using the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model (Kenny, Kashy, & Cook, 2006), multilevel modeling results indicated that memories of childhood emotional abuse reported by both students and their partners were significantly associated with attachment strategies, as well as romantic relationship quality. Findings supported hypothesized mediation effects of attachment anxiety and avoidance.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“a person’s CEA was not significantly related to their partner’s attachment avoidance and anxiety (Riggs et al., 2011)”
From Partner Effects of Childhood Maltreatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Riggs et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“However, women’s CPA and CEA were not significantly related to their partner’s higher attachment avoidance, men’s CPA and CEA were not significantly related to their partner’s attachment anxiety and avoidance (Godbout et al., 2009), and a person’s CEA was not significantly related to their partner’s attachment avoidance and anxiety (Riggs et al., 2011).”
From Partner Effects of Childhood Maltreatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Riggs et al., 2011
Citations
Cites
Missing data: our view of the state of the art
Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.2.147 · Cited by 11,638
Digest of Education Statistics
Dillow, S. A., Snyder, T. D., Snyder, T. D., Snyder, Dillow, S. A., & Thomas (1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.51-5366 · Cited by 7,533
Measuring Dyadic Adjustment: New Scales for Assessing the Quality of Marriage and Similar Dyads
Spanier, G. B. (1976) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/350547 · Cited by 7,095
Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511 · Cited by 6,247
Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model.
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.61.2.226 · Cited by 6,009
Handbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical applications
(1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-1841 · Cited by 5,386
Attachment in adulthood: structure, dynamics, and change
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-2903 · Cited by 4,303
(1998) · Cited by 3,968
(2006) · Cited by 3,705
Attachment theory and close relationships
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-6513 · Cited by 3,642
Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect
(1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.8.1132 · Cited by 3,577
Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: review of the evidence
Hardt, J., & Rutter, M. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00218.x · Cited by 2,827
The making & breaking of affectional bonds
Bowlby, J. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,668
Sensitivity and attachment: A meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment
De Wolff, M. S., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1997) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb04218.x · Cited by 2,526
Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention.
Greenberg, M. T., Cicchetti, D., & Cummings, E. M. (1990) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · Cited by 2,161
The Actor–Partner Interdependence Model: A model of bidirectional effects in developmental studies
Cook, W., & Kenny, D. (2005) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/01650250444000405 · Cited by 1,952
Best practices for missing data management in counseling psychology
Schlomer, G. L., Bauman, S., & Card, N. A. (2010) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018082 · Cited by 1,835
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2003) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(03)01002-5 · Cited by 1,485
Attachment-related psychodynamics
Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2002) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730210154171 · Cited by 1,294
Main, M., & Hesse, E. (1990) · Cited by 1,203
Conflict in close relationships: An attachment perspective.
Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S., & Phillips, D. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.71.5.899 · Cited by 1,029
The long-term impact of the physical, emotional, and sexual abuse of children: A community study
Mullen, P. E., Martin, J. L., Anderson, J. C., Romans, S. E., & Herbison, P. (1996) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(95)00112-3 · Cited by 1,026
Models of Non-Independence in Dyadic Research
Kenny, D. A. (1996) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407596132007 · Cited by 973
Handbook of Closeness and Intimacy
(2004) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410610010 · Cited by 960
Adult attachment: theory, research, and clinical implications
(2005) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-6159 · Cited by 840
Violent Childhood Experiences and the Risk of Intimate Partner Violence in Adults
Whitfield, C. L., Anda, R. F., Dube, S. R., & Felitti, V. J. (2003) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260502238733 · Cited by 784
Accuracy of adult recollections of childhood victimization, Part 2: Childhood sexual abuse.
Widom, C. S., & Morris, S. (1997) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.9.1.34 · Cited by 746
Lower level mediation in multilevel models.
Kenny, D. A., Korchmaros, J. D., & Bolger, N. (2003) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.8.2.115 · Cited by 687
Implications of attachment theory for developmental psychopathology
Sroufe, L. A., Carlson, E. A., Levy, A. K., & Egeland, B. R. (1999) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579499001923 · Cited by 664
The Development of Romantic Relationships in Adolescence
(1999) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316182185 · Cited by 653
Campbell, L., & Kashy, D. A. (2002) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/1475-6811.00023 · Cited by 629
Measurement of individual differences in adolescent and adult attachment.
Crowell, J. A., Fraley, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (2008) · Cited by 612
Sex, attachment, and the development of reproductive strategies
Giudice, M. D. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x09000016 · Cited by 602
Predictors of caregiving in adult intimate relationships: An attachment theoretical perspective.
Feeney, B. C., & Collins, N. L. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.6.972 · Cited by 569
Intimacy‐Anger and Insecure Attachment as Precursors of Abuse in Intimate Relationships1
Dutton, D. G., Saunders, K., Starzomski, A., & Bartholomew, K. (1994) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb01554.x · Cited by 546
Childhood abuse and neglect and adult intimate relationships: a prospective study
Colman, R. A., & Widom, C. S. (2004) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.02.005 · Cited by 443
Pair bonds as attachments: Evaluating the evidence.
Hazan, C., & Zeifman, D. M. (1999) · Cited by 396
Developmental Psychopathology from Infancy through Adolescence
Wenar, C. (1982) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 339
Riggs, S. A. (2010) · Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926770903475968 · Cited by 336
Self-citationCapacity for Intimate Relationships: A Developmental Construction
Collins, W. A., & Sroufe, L. A. (1999) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316182185.007 · Cited by 327
Attachment processes in couple and family therapy
Johnson, S. M., & Whiffen, V. E. (2003) · Guilford Press eBooks · Cited by 312
Paivio, S. C., & Cramer, K. M. (2004) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.01.011 · Cited by 306
Attachment Style, Excessive Reassurance Seeking, Relationship Processes, and Depression
Shaver, P. R., Schachner, D. A., & Mikulincer, M. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204271709 · Cited by 288
Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy with Trauma Survivors: Strengthening Attachment Bonds
Johnson, S. M. (2002) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 266
Bifulco, A. T., Moran, P. M., Baines, R., Bunn, A., & Stanford, K. (2002) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.66.3.241.23366 · Cited by 228
Gender, victimization, and outcomes: Reconceptualizing risk.
Kubiak, S. P., & Cortina, L. M. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.3.528 · Cited by 221
Adult Attachment, Self‐Efficacy, Perspective Taking, and Conflict Resolution
Corcoran, K. O., & Mallinckrodt, B. S. (2000) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb01931.x · Cited by 211
Attachment, sexual experience, and sexual pressure in romantic relationships: A dyadic approach
Brassard, A., Shaver, P. R., & Lussier, Y. A. (2007) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2007.00166.x · Cited by 199
Adult Romantic Attachments: A Developmental Perspective on Individual Differences
Cassidy, J. A. (2000) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.4.2.111 · Cited by 199
Crawford, E., & Wright, M. O. (2007) · Journal of Emotional Abuse · doi:10.1300/j135v07n02_06 · Cited by 191
Gauthier, L., Stollak, G. E., Messé, L. A., & Aronoff, J. (1996) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(96)00043-9 · Cited by 184
The Association between Adult Attachment Styles and Conflict Resolution in Romantic Relationships
Shi, L. (2003) · The American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926180301120 · Cited by 182
Working Models of Attachment: New Developments and Emerging Themes.
Collins, N. L., Guichard, A. C., Ford, M. B., & Feeney, B. C. (2004) · Cited by 180
Davis, J. L., Petretic-Jackson, P. A., & Ting, L. (2001) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1007835531614 · Cited by 174
Alexander, R., Feeney, J. A., Hohaus, L., & Noller, P. (2001) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2001.tb00032.x · Cited by 169
Attachment, caregiving, and marital satisfaction
Feeney, J. A. (1996) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.1996.tb00124.x · Cited by 164
Creasey, G. L. (2002) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.49.3.365 · Cited by 162
The Impact of Childhood Psychological Abuse on Adult Interpersonal Conflict
Messman‐Moore, T. L., & Coates, A. A. (2007) · Journal of Emotional Abuse · doi:10.1300/j135v07n02_05 · Cited by 160
Internal working models, self-reported problems, and help-seeking attitudes among college students.
Lopez, F. G., Melendez, M. C., Sauer, E. M., Berger, E., & Wyssmann, J. (1998) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.45.1.79 · Cited by 155
Working models of attachment and reactions to different forms of caregiving from romantic partners.
Simpson, J. A., Winterheld, H. A., Rholes, W. S., & Oriña, M. M. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.3.466 · Cited by 152
Attachment Style in Marriage: Adjustment and Responses to Interaction
Gallo, L. C., & Smith, T. W. (2001) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407501182006 · Cited by 149
Riggs, S. A., Paulson, A., Tunnell, E., Sahl, G., Atkison, H. M., & Ross, C. A. (2007) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579407070149 · Cited by 142
Self-citationTajima, E. A., Herrenkohl, T. I., Huang, B., & Whitney, S. D. (2004) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/0002-9432.74.4.424 · Cited by 132
DALY, K. D., & Mallinckrodt, B. S. (2009) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016695 · Cited by 121
Paivio, S. C. (2001) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(01)00256-3 · Cited by 119
Ferguson, K. S., & Dacey, C. (1997) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(97)00055-0 · Cited by 116
West, T. V., Popp, D., & Kenny, D. A. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207311199 · Cited by 115
An Attachment Theory Perspective on Closeness and Intimacy
Collins, N. L., & Feeney, B. C. (2004) · doi:10.4324/9781410610010-17 · Cited by 110
Cassidy, J., & Mohr, J. J. (2001) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.8.3.275 · Cited by 105
Attachment Issues in Psychopathology and Intervention
(2003) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410609670 · Cited by 98
McCarthy, G., & Taylor, A. W. (1999) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00463 · Cited by 97
Slade, A. (2008) · Cited by 88
Attachment: Implications for Counselors
Pistole, M. C. (1989) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1989.tb01355.x · Cited by 81
Hardy, G. E. (1999) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1093/ptr/9.1.36 · Cited by 75
Using hierarchical linear modeling to analyze grouped data.
Nezlek, J. B., & Zyzniewski, L. E. (1998) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/1089-2699.2.4.313 · Cited by 72
The Long-Term Impact of Emotional Abuse in Childhood
Wright, M. O. (2007) · Journal of Emotional Abuse · doi:10.1300/j135v07n02_01 · Cited by 70
Developmental psychopathology: From infancy through adolescence, 4th ed.
Wenar, C., & Kerig, P. K. (2000) · Cited by 66
Where is the relationship in research on the alliance? Two methods for analyzing dyadic data.
Kivlighan, D. M. (2007) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.54.4.423 · Cited by 65
Muller, R. T., & Rosenkranz, S. E. (2009) · Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training · doi:10.1037/a0015137 · Cited by 52
Childhood Psychological Maltreatment and Quality of Marriage
Perry, A., DiLillo, D., & Peugh, J. (2007) · Journal of Emotional Abuse · doi:10.1300/j135v07n02_07 · Cited by 51
Research in Psychoanalysis : Process, Development, Outcome
Shapiro, T., & Emde, R. N. (2001) · Cited by 45
Adult attachment and history of psychotherapy in a normative sample.
Riggs, S. A., Jacobovitz, D., & Hazen, N. L. (2002) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.39.4.344 · Cited by 42
Self-citationShowers, C. J., Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Limke, A. (2006) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2006.25.5.473 · Cited by 40
Varia, R., & Abidin, R. R. (1999) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(99)00083-6 · Cited by 40
Long-Term Outcomes of Verbal Aggression
Morimoto, Y., & Sharma, A. (2004) · Journal of Emotional Abuse · doi:10.1300/j135v04n02_04 · Cited by 39
Palacios, J. (2007) · Cited by 35
Durrett, C. A., Trull, T. J., & Silk, K. R. (2004) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.18.2.178.32778 · Cited by 21
Restructuring Schemata From Family of Origin in Couple Therapy
Dattilio, F. M. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcpiq-v20i4a003 · Cited by 15
Elklit, A. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00706.x · Cited by 14
Hearing the difference: Theorizing connection
Gilligan, C. (2003) · RACO (Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert) (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) · Cited by 13
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Assessing Mediation in Dyadic Data Using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model
Ledermann, T., Macho, S., & Kenny, D. A. (2011) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2011.607099 · Cited by 774
Montesi, J. L., Conner, B. T., Gordon, E. A., Fauber, R. L., Kim, K. H., & Heimberg, R. G. (2012) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9929-3 · Cited by 165
Relationship Duration Moderates Associations Between Attachment and Relationship Quality
Hadden, B. W., Smith, C. V., & Webster, G. D. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868313501885 · Cited by 142
Zamir, O. (2022) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838021998319 · Cited by 104
Reflections on the actor–partner interdependence model
Kenny, D. A. (2018) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12240 · Cited by 92
Metadata
- Authors
- Riggs, S. A., Cusimano, A. M., & Benson, K. M.
- Affiliations
- University of North Texas (US)
- ORCID
- Riggs, Shelley A.
- Venue
- Journal of Counseling Psychology
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 126-138
- ISSN
- 0022-0167 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2168
- OpenAlex
- W2157780541
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Counseling Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- childhood emotional abuse, adult attachment, attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, romantic relationship quality, dating couples, mediation, actor-partner interdependence, university students
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child Abuse, Courtship, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Social Support, Reactive Attachment Disorder, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review