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Mental health literacy: empowering the community to take action for better mental health
Abstract
For major physical diseases, it is widely accepted that members of the public will benefit by knowing what actions they can take for prevention, early intervention, and treatment. However, this type of public knowledge about mental disorders (mental health literacy) has received much less attention. There is evidence from surveys in several countries for deficiencies in (a) the public's knowledge of how to prevent mental disorders, (b) recognition of when a disorder is developing, (c) knowledge of help-seeking options and treatments available, (d) knowledge of effective self-help strategies for milder problems, and (e) first aid skills to support others affected by mental health problems. Nevertheless, there is evidence that a range of interventions can improve mental health literacy, including whole-of-community campaigns, interventions in educational settings, Mental Health First Aid training, and information websites. There is also evidence for historical improvements in mental health literacy in some countries. Increasing the community's mental health literacy needs to be a focus for national policy and population monitoring so that the whole community is empowered to take action for better mental health.
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“and having knowledge of mental health disorders assists in their recognition, management, and prevention (Jorm, 2012).”
From Improving Mental Health Service Utilization Among Men: A Systematic Review and Synthesis of Behavior Change Techniques Within Interventions Targeting Help-Seeking (2019) · cites this paper as Jorm, 2012
In the citing paper
“Low recognition of SAD is problematic because failing to identify a mental disorder where one exists generally results in lower treatment seeking (Jorm, 2012).”
From A Randomized Trial of Brief Online Interventions to Facilitate Treatment Seeking for Social Anxiety. (2022) · cites this paper as Jorm, 2012
In the citing paper
“When low, MHL impedes mental health treatment seeking (Jorm, 2012).”
From A Randomized Trial of Brief Online Interventions to Facilitate Treatment Seeking for Social Anxiety. (2022) · cites this paper as Jorm, 2012
In the citing paper
“In Canada, trained telephone peer support had a 95% chance of a cost per case of averted maternal depression of less than $17,446.122”
From Preventive strategies for mental health (2018) · cites this paper as [122]
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“…the signs and symptoms 2 Journal of Intellectual Disabil t es XX(X Resciniti et al. 139 of MI are difficult for both the general population and people with intellectual and developmental disabilities to recognize, and it may be difficult to discern the effectiveness of medications (Jorm, 2012).”
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“The concept has expanded, now including the ability to recognize and understand mental health disorders and their treatment, awareness of self-help strategies, and strategies to maintain positive mental health (Jorm, 2012; Kutcher, Bagnell, & Wei, 2015; Reavley & Jorm, 2011).”
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“Athletes experiencing a mental health concern are not always able to self-identify the challenge, but community supports (Jorm, 2012), like coaches and sport organizations, can be a front-line defense to help support awareness and action for the impacted individual.”
BackgroundDeveloping and Initially Validating the Youth Mental Health Literacy Scale for Ages 11–14
Riebschleger, J., Grové, C., Kelly, K., & Cavanaugh, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.817208 · Cited by 5
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Topping, R., Paradis, K. F., & Ferguson, K. (2023) · International Sport Coaching Journal · doi:10.1123/iscj.2022-0090 · Cited by 5
“Therefore, it is essential that coaches have an adequate level of mental health literacy to be in a position to be an appropriate potential initial contact to provide mental health support for their athletes if needed (Jorm, 2012; Mason et al., 2015).”
BackgroundHolte, A. (2024) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2024.200321 · Cited by 7
Oliveira, S. E. H., Carolino, L., & Paiva, A. (2012) · Revista Portuguesa de Enfermagem de Saúde Mental · doi:10.19131/rpesm.0068 · Cited by 5
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“Of note, the evolution of physical health literacy (PHL) and its tremendous benefits to health users and providers, and community across the globe prompted MH professionals to conduct identical research in global mental health [5-7].”
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Crumb, L., Clark, M., & Long, S. M. (2020) · Advances in human services and public health (AHSPH) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-2787-0.ch009 · Cited by 5
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“Mental health literacy has been defined as ‘a tool for personal and collective empowerment’ that encompasses knowledge about mental health difficulties, their aetiology, treatment and prevention, including help-seeking, as well as the knowledge and attitudes to overcome stigma and offer and accept appropriate support…”
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“, 2012) and MHL (Jorm, 2012; Jorm et al., 1997), in theoretical models of health promotion (Pender, 1982) and prevention of mental disorders (O’Connell et al.”
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Depression literacy in women attending university hospital clinics in Riyadh Saudi Arabia
Siddiqui, A. R., Mahasin, S., Alsajjan, R., Hassounah, M. M., Alhalees, Z., Alsaif, N. K., Alosaimi, F. D., & Alquaiz, A. M. (2017) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764016685346 · Cited by 5
“There is a lack of understanding about depression and help-seeking behavior of those affected, despite the fact that it is a highly prevalent mental disorder (Jorm, 2012).”
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“Results of studies investigating these disorders are varied, but laypeople appear to have considerable difficulty understanding some, but not all, psychiatric terms and correctly labelling disorders (Jorm, 2000, 2012).”
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Glasper, A. (2017) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2017.26.16.944 · Cited by 5
Sperlich, M., & Seng, J. S. (2017) · Integrating psychiatry and primary care · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65724-0_13 · Cited by 5
Mental Health Literacy and School Behavioral Health: Introduction to the Special Issue
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“More recently, the definition of MHL has been expanded to encompass understanding of how to promote and maintain positive mental health (Jorm, 2012).”
National mixed methods evaluation of Adult and Youth Mental Health First Aid
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“This increased knowledge and confidence was also confirmed by data from the students who participated in the programme (Winder 3 et al., 2024), as well as by other research (Bulanda et al., 2014; Jorm, 2012, 2015).”
Duffy, A. C., King, N., Rivera, D., Pankow, K., Cunningham, S., Tetzlaff, E., Kyone, K., Dephoure, E., Lyon, A. G., Robinson, L. J., et al. (2026) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2025.10960 · Cited by 6
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Albuquerque, S., Carvalho, Á., de Sousa, B., da Costa, L. P., & Beato, A. F. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14041394 · Cited by 5
“They may likewise discriminate (using derogatory language or behaviours) towards their peers—in school, social gatherings, and online platforms—perpetuating harmful stereotypes, reinforcing the cycle of stigma further isolating individuals, and impeding their access to supportive networks [34,35].”
InfluentialHong, S., Zhang, Q., Wei, Y., Ai, M., Wang, W., Chen, J., Xu, X., Li, X., Greenshaw, A. J., & Kuang, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1554939 · Cited by 4
“MHL has been de fi ned as the knowledge and skills necessary to foster mental health (26) as a functional literacy and is associated with improved mental health outcomes.”
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“Behavioral health literacy programs focus on improving knowledge about signs and symptoms of mental health and substance use, strategies for communicating with someone who is struggling, and skills to encourage help-seeking (Jorm, 2012).”
BackgroundStigmatisierung psychischer Erkrankungen
Ludwig, J., & Knesebeck, O. V. D. (2022) · Gesundheit und Gesellschaft · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-37692-5_14 · Cited by 4
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“As Jorm [22] has demonstrated, the public's mental health literacy (MHL) lags behind that of their physical health literacy.”
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“…in educational settings such as high schools and universities, training members of the public in how to provide mental health first aid support for those who need help, and developing web-based mental health supports and interventions are known to work in improving mental health literacy [48].”
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Yoshioka, K., & Rossetto, A. (2024) · Advances in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/18387357.2024.2305725 · Cited by 4
“One of the fi ve components of mental health literacy is mental health fi rst aid (Jorm, 2012), de fi ned as ‘ the help o ff ered to a person developing a mental health problem, experiencing a worsening of an existing mental health problem or in a mental health crisis.”
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“The importance of health literacy focusing on physical health is widely accepted, whereas a focus on mental health literacy has been relatively neglected, which could lead to limited access to mental health services among migrant communities in the UK [43].”
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“…psychological disorders and distress; knowledge and beliefs about (2) risk factors, (3) self-help interventions; (4) professional help available; (5) knowledge about how to seek help; (6) attitudes that facilitate appropriate help-seeking; and (7) mental first aid (Jorm, 2012; Jorm et al., 1997).”
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“…health literacy of an organisation includes prevention skills, early recognition of a developing disorder, awareness of treatments and providing mental health first aid which can help create systems within the organisation that are mobilised to support workers when an issue arises (Jorm, 2012).”
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“Moreover, Jorm (2012) reports that non-white culturally diverse groups are less likely to seek help due to a lack of mental health knowledge.”
BackgroundPlatell, M., Cook, A. G., Fisher, C. M., & Martin, K. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00262-8 · Cited by 4
“It is known that the level of public knowledge onmental health issues and subsequent actions for intervention is relatively limited compared to major physical diseases (Jorm 2012).”
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“High mental health literacy is associated with favourable attitudes towards people with mental disorders, better recognition of a mental health problem linked with early helpseeking and better outcomes (Jorm, 2012; Tay et al., 2018; Waldmann et al., 2020).”
BackgroundScholten, W., Muntingh, A., Batelaan, N. M., Draisma, S., de Jonge, M., & van Balkom, A. J. L. M. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000550 · Cited by 4
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“Mental health literacy includes how to prevent and recognize signs of MH problems, having knowledge of available treatments, help-seeking options, self-help strategies, and how to support someone showing signs of MH problems [9, 10].”
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“Students who have received mental health literacy interventions often experience positive effects on mental health knowledge, stigma reduction, and help-seeking behaviors (Cheng et al., 2018; Coles et al., 2016; Jorm, 2000, 2012; Swartz et al., 2017).”
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Pattison, M. L., Wastler, H. M., Moe, A. M., Alford, A. L., & Breitborde, N. J. K. (2022) · Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s40737-021-00252-6 · Cited by 4
“Our null results may stem, in part, from the multiple factors beyond stigma that may influence engagement in mental health treatment, including poor insight into the need for treatment [13, 26], challenges in distinguishing the early signs of psychosis from normative changes in behavior for adolescents and emerging ad…”
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“Mental health literacy is the knowledge and beliefs about disorders that contribute to the recognition, prevention, or management of a mental health concern (Jorm, 2012).”
BackgroundAdams, C., Gringart, E., McAullay, D. R., Sim, M., Scarfe, B., Budrikis, A., & Strobel, N. (2022) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530.2022.2139196 · Cited by 4
“ments, including beliefs that services are likely to be helpful, is a key component of mental health literacy (Jorm, 2012).”
BackgroundMfene, X. P., & Pillay, B. J. (2022) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/00812463221139651 · Cited by 4
“Case studies are commonly used in medical research (Hindley et al., 2016; Jorm, 2012; Starman, 2013), including research on dementia knowledge and care (Berwald et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialMental Health Literacy Regarding Depression and Suicide
Neto, D. D., & MAUGI, P. L. (2022) · European Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.5708/ejmh.17.2022.3.7 · Cited by 4
“…mental disorders; recognition of the disease’s onset; knowledge of the help options and treatments available; knowledge regarding self-help strategies for less serious problems; the skills to provide first aid to other people in crisis or developing a mental disorder (Jorm, 2012; WHO, 1998, 2001).”
BackgroundDysthe, K. K., Røssberg, J. I., Brandtzæg, P. B., Skjuve, M. B., Haavet, O. R., Følstad, A., & Klovning, A. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/37289 · Cited by 4
“In general, PE could be provided through courses and educational programs, technological platforms, or as an integral part of clinical therapies to improve mental health literacy [39].”
Evaluation of Mental Health First Aid in New York City
Wong, E. C., Dunbar, M. S., Siconolfi, D. E., Rodriguez, A., Jean, C., Torres, V. N., Li, R., Abbott, M. M., Estrada-Darley, I., Dong, L., et al. (2023) · Rand health quarterly · doi:10.7249/rhq-10-04-03 · Cited by 4
Predictors of help-seeking behavior in mothers of preschoolers
Jackson, S. T., Jaeger, A. J., & Vecchio, T. D. (2023) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045231160644 · Cited by 4
“Other studies using the vignette method with parents of adolescents have produced similar findings (Jorm, 2012; Jorm et al., 2005; Wright & Jorm, 2009).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialYes, I can! Development and validation of the self-efficacy for self-help scale
Tomczyk, S., Heineck, S., McLaren, T., Peter, L.-J., Schomerus, G., Schmidt, S., & Muehlan, H. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.028 · Cited by 8
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“Apart from recognizing one’s mental health concern, the individual ought to know the availability of a range of mental health services and evidence-based treatments to obtain effective help [27].”
BackgroundTenzek, K. E., Lattimer, T. A., Heneveld, K., Lapan, E., Neurohr, M., & Gillis, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1204973 · Cited by 4
Too far from care? A descriptive analysis of young Australian mental health aeromedical retrievals
Spring, B., Davidson, M., Richardson, A., Steere, M., Gardiner, F. W., & Coleman, M. (2024) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2024.07.021 · Cited by 4
Morgado, T. M. M., & Botelho, M. A. ́. (2014) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · Cited by 4
Recto, P. (2019) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2018.1557303 · Cited by 4
“Studies suggest that limited mental health literacy may also play a role in delayed treatment and management (Flynn, Henshaw, O’Mahen, & Forman, 2010; Jorm, 2012).”
BackgroundCommunity Engagement Mental Health Model for Home Treatment of Psychosis in Jamaica
Nelson, D., Walcott, G. O., Walters, C., & Hickling, F. W. (2020) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201900063 · Cited by 4
Peach, E. (2021) · Literacy · doi:10.1111/lit.12248 · Cited by 4
“…literacy with a focus on knowledge and beliefs about mental health (Jorm et al., 1997), with later developments also incorporating cognitive skills and mental health management strategies (Canadian Alliance on Mental Illness and Mental Health (CAMIMH), 2007; Jorm, 2012; Kutcher et al., 2016).”
BackgroundFaigenbaum, A. D., Rebullido, T. R., & Zaichkowsky, L. D. (2022) · ACSMʼs Health & Fitness Journal · doi:10.1249/fit.0000000000000765 · Cited by 4
“The concept of mental health literacy includes not only one's beliefs about mental health but also one's knowledge of preventive strategies, ability to recognize warning signs, and awareness of effective treatment options for mental health disorders (1).”
BackgroundVeteran Mental Health and Employment: The Nexus and Beyond
Nelson, C. B., Abraham, K. M., Miller, E. M., Kees, M. R., Walters, H., Valenstein, M. M., & Zivin, K. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-21488-7_13 · Cited by 4
Lee, H. J., Ju, Y. J., & Park, E. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.051 · Cited by 4
“Accordingly, early detection of psychosocial problems as well as the provision of effective support and treatment in high-risk groups have become critical factors for preventing deterioration in both mental health and mental health promotion (Bird et al., 2010; Jorm, 2012).”
BackgroundOlder Thai Peoples’ Perceptions and Experiences of Major Depression
Kleebthong, D., Chareonsuk, S., & Kristiansen, L. P. (2017) · Global Journal of Health Science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v9n9p26 · Cited by 4
“When the people have mental health literacy, they can recognize, manage, and prevent themselves from mental disorder (Jorm, 2012).”
BackgroundEvaluation of a novel approach to preventing railway suicides: the community stations project
Ross, A., Reavley, N. J., Too, L. S., & Pirkis, J. (2018) · Journal of Public Mental Health · doi:10.1108/jpmh-06-2017-0022 · Cited by 4
Willingness to seek professional mental health service in three ethnic groups of Asian Americans
Yoon, H., & Jang, Y. (2019) · Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work · doi:10.1080/15313204.2019.1680589 · Cited by 7
“One’s ability to recognize mental problems is strongly associated with the possibility of positive action to benefit themselves to deal with their emotional and mental problems (Jorm, 2012).”
BackgroundCoping Strategy and Psychological Well-Being of Final Year University Student
Syaudah, Y. (2019) · Psychological Research and Intervention · doi:10.21831/pri.v2i2.30364 · Cited by 4
“…different results from most of the previous studies which suggests that women have better recognition abilities compared to men (Reavley, McCann, & Jorm, 2012; Cotton, et al., 2006; Gibbons, Copyright © 2019, Psychological Research and Intervention, 2(2) - 77 ISSN 2614-7041 (online) | ISSN…”
ResultCubeiro, M. T. (2021) · Acciones e Investigaciones Sociales · doi:10.26754/ojs_ais/ais.2021426228 · Cited by 4
“Los estudios indican que se tarda una media 15 años en reconocer y/u obtener un diagnóstico para las enfermedades mentales (Jorm, 2012, pp. 1-2).”
InfluentialEvaluation of the State of Mental Health in Ghana: Policy, Practice, and Education
Bedi, I. K., Amanor, A. K., & Amedome, S. N. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_4165-1 · Cited by 4
Refining the Concept of Mental Health Literacy
Jorm, A. F. (2025) · doi:10.1002/9781394179909.ch11 · Cited by 4
Self-citationIvanova, M. Y., Hall, A., Weinberger, S., Buckingham, S. L., Copeland, W., Crockett, P., Dainer‐Best, J., D’Alberto, C., Dewey, L. M., Foret, D., et al. (2024) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-024-01707-0 · Cited by 3
“It is based on Jorm’s multidimensional conceptualization of mental health literacy as knowledge and beliefs about emotional and behavioral health that aid in its promotion and in the recognition and treatment of emotional and behavioral problems [43].”
Gao, Q., Yao, Y., Wang, R., Zhang, X., Gudenkauf, L. M., Xu, G., Harrison, S., Zheng, L., Wang, J., Chen, G., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1455174 · Cited by 3
Kookal, S., Chakrabarty, J., George, L. S., Praharaj, S. K., Noronha, J. A., Nayak, B. S., Vani Lakshmi, R., & John, S. (2025) · Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102101 · Cited by 4
Knowledge attitude and practice of pregnant women on postnatal depression in Henan Province China
Wang, Z., Zhang, Q., Nie, R., Zhou, L., Zhao, C., Cao, Y., & Cheng, X. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-08274-x · Cited by 3
“A systematic review of mental health literacy found that recognition of depression symptoms varies considerably, ranging from 30 to 70% across different cultural contexts 25 .”
Yamaguchi, S., Foo, J. C., & Sasaki, T. (2025) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports · doi:10.1002/pcn5.70168 · Cited by 3
“…include the following MHL components, including mental health first aid skills to support others with mental health problems (ranging from basic: “ talk to a person ” to advanced: “ listen empathically ” ) as well as knowledge about mental health/ illnesses, 9,10 and stigma toward mental illnesses.”
InfluentialA critical review of curriculum and pedagogy in mental health education
Lyons, R., Dyke, N. V., & de Courten, M. P. J. (2025) · Health Education · doi:10.1108/he-04-2025-0044 · Cited by 3
Morgan, A. J., Wright, J., Mackinnon, A. J., Reavley, N. J., Rossetto, A., Le, H., & Jorm, A. F. (2025) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000502 · Cited by 3
Self-citationKjærgaard, A., Karstoft, K., Schmidt, B. W., & Kirk, J. W. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1676193 · Cited by 5
Li, F., Wang, L., Chen, W., Zhang, J., Huang, Y., & Jiang, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2026.1679030 · Cited by 3
“…due to various factors such as stigmatization of mental illness and lack of mental health literacy, many students with mental health issues lack the motivation to actively seek professional help, making it challenging to identify and intervene in potential mental health problems early (Jorm, 2012).”
Diaz, C. C., Hu, P., Tillman, D. R., & Hof, D. D. (2019) · International Journal of Psychology a Biopsychosocial Approach · doi:10.7220/2345-024x.23.1 · Cited by 3
“34 Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E., Jacomb, P. A., et al (1997). Mental health literacy: a survey of the public’s ability to recognise mental disorders and their beliefs about the effectiveness of treatment. Medical Journal of Australia, 166, 182–186. Krogh, G. von. (1998). Care in Knowledge Creation. California Management…”
BackgroundInfluentialPsikoedukasi Literasi Kesehatan Mental: Strategi Menjaga Kesehatan Mental di Kampung Wisata
Lestari, S., & Wahyudianto, M. (2022) · PLAKAT Jurnal Pelayanan Kepada Masyarakat · doi:10.30872/plakat.v4i2.8671 · Cited by 3
Kim, D. H., McWhorter, E. C., & Castillo, L. G. (2023) · Journal of International Students · doi:10.32674/jis.v14i3.5090 · Cited by 4
“Mental health literacy (MHL) is defined as the knowledge of and attitudes toward mental disorders, prevention, and help-seeking treatment options (Jorm et al., 1997; Jorm, 2000; 2012).”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Jorm, A. F.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Jorm, Anthony F.
- ORCID
- Jorm, Anthony F.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 2012-04
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 231-243
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2067652354
- Cited by
- 1,783
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 164 · 2025: 185 · 2024: 197 · 2023: 171 · 2022: 181 · 2021: 177 · 2020: 160 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 102 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 86 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 40.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Literacy and Information Accessibility
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mental Health and Patient Involvement
- Keywords
- mental health literacy, mental disorder prevention, help-seeking, self-help strategies, mental health first aid, mental health education, mental health policy, population monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Community Mental Health Services, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Mental Health, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Surveys and Questionnaires, Health Literacy, Early Medical Intervention
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