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Mental health literacy: empowering the community to take action for better mental health
Abstract
For major physical diseases, it is widely accepted that members of the public will benefit by knowing what actions they can take for prevention, early intervention, and treatment. However, this type of public knowledge about mental disorders (mental health literacy) has received much less attention. There is evidence from surveys in several countries for deficiencies in (a) the public's knowledge of how to prevent mental disorders, (b) recognition of when a disorder is developing, (c) knowledge of help-seeking options and treatments available, (d) knowledge of effective self-help strategies for milder problems, and (e) first aid skills to support others affected by mental health problems. Nevertheless, there is evidence that a range of interventions can improve mental health literacy, including whole-of-community campaigns, interventions in educational settings, Mental Health First Aid training, and information websites. There is also evidence for historical improvements in mental health literacy in some countries. Increasing the community's mental health literacy needs to be a focus for national policy and population monitoring so that the whole community is empowered to take action for better mental health.
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“and having knowledge of mental health disorders assists in their recognition, management, and prevention (Jorm, 2012).”
From Improving Mental Health Service Utilization Among Men: A Systematic Review and Synthesis of Behavior Change Techniques Within Interventions Targeting Help-Seeking (2019) · cites this paper as Jorm, 2012
In the citing paper
“Low recognition of SAD is problematic because failing to identify a mental disorder where one exists generally results in lower treatment seeking (Jorm, 2012).”
From A Randomized Trial of Brief Online Interventions to Facilitate Treatment Seeking for Social Anxiety. (2022) · cites this paper as Jorm, 2012
In the citing paper
“When low, MHL impedes mental health treatment seeking (Jorm, 2012).”
From A Randomized Trial of Brief Online Interventions to Facilitate Treatment Seeking for Social Anxiety. (2022) · cites this paper as Jorm, 2012
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“In Canada, trained telephone peer support had a 95% chance of a cost per case of averted maternal depression of less than $17,446.122”
From Preventive strategies for mental health (2018) · cites this paper as [122]
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Mental Health Literacy: Past, Present, and Future
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“The importance of MHL in helping to improve health outcomes for people and populations has been recognized, and some positive initial interventions directed at this goal have been applied.(16,19,26) Given the situation as it currently stands, numerous future directions for the further development and deployment of MHL…”
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“Mental health literacy refers to a broad area of the public’s knowledge and beliefs about mental illnesses, including signs, characteristics, and methods of treating or preventing them (Jorm, 2012).”
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“Sociodemographic variables, health literacy, and comorbid disorders are for instance regarded as predictors of treatment outcome, both in treatments delivered via the Internet and face-to-face treatments (Andersson et al., 2008; Jorm, 2012; Nordgreen et al., 2012; Spek et al., 2008).”
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Kazdin, A. E., Fitzsimmons‐Craft, E. E., & Wilfley, D. E. (2017) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22670 · Cited by 389
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“This knowledge can subsequently be disseminated to the general public in the form of practical, detailed suggestions that they can act on (Jorm, 2012).”
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Furnham, A. F., & Swami, V. (2018) · International Perspectives in Psychology · doi:10.1037/ipp0000094 · Cited by 284
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“Poor mental health literacy, which impairs problem recognition and perceived need, is another prominent barrier (Mojtabai et al., 2011; Jorm, 2012).”
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Kutcher, S., Bagnell, A. L., & Wei, Y. (2014) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2014.11.007 · Cited by 294
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“State-level policies such as those implemented by New York (Bill Number: A03887B) and Virginia (Bill Number: SB953), in which schools are required to provide mental health education may improve student outcomes (Jorm 2012) and reduce mental health stigma (Mellor 2014).”
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“First, there are interventions to improve mental health literacy in order to help people to recognize their symptoms earlier, receive an appropriate diagnosis earlier and receive an efficient treatment earlier (Jorm, 2012).”
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A randomized controlled trial of three smartphone apps for enhancing public mental health
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“…factors that reflect common therapeutic processes in cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), and are malleable, such as emotional self-awareness (ESA; Kauer et al., 2012), coping self-efficacy (CSE; Chesney, Neilands, Chambers, Taylor, & Folkman, 2006), or mental health literacy (MHL; Jorm, 2012).”
Lessons learned from unintended consequences about erasing the stigma of mental illness
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Bjørnsen, H. N., Espnes, G. A., Eilertsen, M. B., Ringdal, R., & Moksnes, U. K. (2017) · The Journal of School Nursing · doi:10.1177/1059840517732125 · Cited by 203
“MHL has been shown to be a significant determinant of mental health in the population (Bröder et al., 2017; Jorm, 2012; Kutcher, Wei, & Coniglio, 2016; Wei, Hayden, Kutcher, Zygmunt, & McGrath, 2013).”
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Lannin, D. G., Vogel, D. L., Brenner, R. E., Abraham, W. T., & Heath, P. J. (2015) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000108 · Cited by 235
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“More recently, I have proposed that mental health literacy involves many components, including knowing how to prevent mental disorders, being able to recognize when a mental disorder is developing, knowing about help-seeking options and treatments available, knowing about self-help strategies, and mental health first…”
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“Health exposures can be influenced by environmental HL (Finn & O’Fallon, 2017), occupational HL, nutritional HL (Rauscher & Myers, 2014), mental HL (Jorm, 2012), and the larger construct of “public health literacy” (Freedman et al.”
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“One factor that has garnered increasing attention is mental health literacy (MHL) (Jorm, 2012).”
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“MHL has several components, including the ability to recognize specific disorders, knowledge of treatment of mental illnesses, attitudes that promote recognition and appropriate help-seeking, and first aid skills to support others with mental health problems (Jorm, 2012; Jorm et al., 1997).”
BackgroundTreatment of Borderline Personality Disorder: Is Supply Adequate to Meet Public Health Needs?
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“…knowledge and beliefs about mental illness such as treatment options and effectiveness of treatment (i.e. mental health literacy), social support encouraging help-seeking, and stigma (Gulliver et al., 2010; Jorm, 2012; Jorm, 2000; Rüsch et al., 2014; Vogel, Wade, Wester, Larson, & Hackler, 2007).”
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Measurement properties of tools measuring mental health knowledge: a systematic review
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“As discussed by Jorm (2012), mental health literacy adopts a Western conceptualization, which may not necessarily be congruent to illness beliefs and helpseeking preferences of people from diverse cultural backgrounds.”
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Stigma and the public health agenda for the opioid crisis in America.
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“On a wider society level, overcoming structural discrimination is an essential aspect of targeting public stigma (Schomerus et al. 2006; Jorm, 2012).”
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“While it could be argued that knowledge of the Western psychiatric label of PTSD is not necessary for help-seeking, there is evidence that self-labelling as having a particular mental disorder activates a schema about appropriate action to take and helps recognition of the disorder by health practitioners [15].”
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“Where formal help is indicated, it has been suggested that informal help could act as a bridge to access help for mental disorders [36] or as an early intervention because formal resources are not always available [37].”
BackgroundDefinitions and measurement of health literacy in health and medicine research: a systematic review
Urstad, K. H., Andersen, M. H., Larsen, M. H., Borge, C. R., Helseth, S., & Wahl, A. K. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056294 · Cited by 161
An Intervention for Mental Health Literacy and Resilience in Organized Sports
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“They now have more awareness and understanding of the nature and significance of psychiatric disorders and their management (Jorm, 2012; Coles and Coleman, 2010; Richards et al., 2013) As pointed out above, within the context of clinical trials, patient reports are accepted as important counterparts to physician asses…”
BackgroundInfluence of age and gender on mental health literacy of anxiety disorders
Hadjimina, E., & Furnham, A. F. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.089 · Cited by 130
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Logging into therapy: Adolescent perceptions of online therapies for mental health problems
Sweeney, G. M., Donovan, C. L., March, S., & Forbes, Y. (2016) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2016.12.001 · Cited by 129
“Also consistent with psychological help-seeking literature (Clement et al., 2015; Cometto, 2014; Jorm, 2012), adolescents with less stigmatized mental health attitudeswere found to havemore positive attitudes towards online therapies.”
BackgroundPromotion of Mental Health Literacy in Adolescents: A Scoping Review
Nobre, J. R., Oliveira, A. P., Monteiro, F., Sequeira, C., & Ferré‐Grau, C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189500 · Cited by 142
“), encompassing not only the self-help strategies but also the first aid skills to support others [15].”
BackgroundInfluentialKayrouz, R., Dear, B. F., Karin, E., & Titov, N. (2016) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2016.01.001 · Cited by 125
“Research shows that information about credibility and the effectiveness of mental health interventions,which formpart ofwhat is consideredmental health literacy, influence decisions to seek treatment (Jorm, 2012).”
BackgroundRüsch, N., Müller, M., Ajdacic‐Gross, V., Rodgers, S., Corrigan, P. W., & Wulf Rössler, A. (2013) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s204579601300036x · Cited by 153
“A second barrier is poor mental health literacy or the lack of knowledge about mental illnesses, including their recognition, prevention and available treatments (Jorm, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialA Call to Action. A Critical Review of Mental Health Related Anti-stigma Campaigns
Walsh, D., & Foster, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.569539 · Cited by 127
“In many ways, MHFA could be considered an extended form of the traditional MHL programs (10, 84), with an added explicit risk framing (85).”
BackgroundDeveloping mental health literacy and cultural competence in elite sport
Gorczynski, P. F., Currie, A., Gibson, K., Gouttebarge, V., Hainline, B. W., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Mountjoy, M. L., Purcell, R., Reardon, C. L., Rice, S., et al. (2020) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2020.1720045 · Cited by 142
“Here, mental health literacy is seen as a form of community empowerment, aimed at helping advocate for one’s own mental health and the mental health of others (Jorm, 2012).”
BackgroundKavanagh, B. E., Corney, K. B., Beks, H., Williams, L. J., Quirk, S. E., & Versace, V. L. (2023) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-023-10034-4 · Cited by 134
“…avenues may also be useful to increase mental health literacy (i.e., the public knowledge and recognition of mental disorders and knowing where and how to seek help) [84] in the community, given that lack of awareness was a barrier and mental health literacy was a facilitator in the current review.”
BackgroundAltweck, L., Marshall, T. C., Ferenczi, N., & Lefringhausen, K. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01272 · Cited by 121
“Labeling symptoms as a mental disorder may activate a schema that outlines the type of action to take (Jorm, 2011), that is, better knowledge about mental disorders would encourage a preference for professional compared to lay help.”
BackgroundInfluentialVella, S. A., Swann, C., Batterham, M. J., Boydell, K., Eckermann, S. D., Fogarty, A. S., Hurley, D., Liddle, S. K., Lonsdale, C., Miller, A., et al. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5319-7 · Cited by 136
“Parent program: Mental health literacy Parents are the primary source of support for adolescents (Jorm & Wright, 2007) and likely one of the first observers of mental health disorder symptoms in their children [43].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLiang, S., Chen, R., Liu, L., Li, X., Chen, J., Tang, S., & Zhao, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02231 · Cited by 130
“This low perceived need would prompt them toward self-regulation rather than seeking psychological help (Jorm, 2012).”
BackgroundAmado-Rodríguez, I. D., Casañas, R., Mas-Expósito, L., Castellví, P., Roldan-Merino, J. F., Casas, I., Lalucat-Jo, L., & Fernández-San Martín, M. I. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9040480 · Cited by 112
Changes in attitudes toward seeking mental health services: A 40-year cross-temporal meta-analysis
Mackenzie, C. S., Erickson, J., Deane, F. P., & Wright, M. (2014) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.12.001 · Cited by 107
“with mental health care and taken action in an attempt to help individuals who need such care (Hogan, 2003; Jorm, 2012; Mental Health Commission of Canada, 2005; Paykel et al., 1997; Pescosolido et al., 2010).”
InfluentialA Systematic Review of Parent and Caregiver Mental Health Literacy
Hurley, D., Swann, C., Allen, M., Ferguson, H. L., & Vella, S. (2019) · Community mental health journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-019-00454-0 · Cited by 99
“Keywords Child and adolescent mental health · Help-seeking · Mental health knowledge · Mental health attitudes · Narrative synthesis Introduction Mental health literacy refers to knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about mental health disorders, help-seeking and treatment options that aid in the recognition, management,…”
InfluentialUnderstanding the public’s profile of mental health literacy in China: a nationwide study
Huang, D., Yang, L. H., & Pescosolido, B. A. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1980-8 · Cited by 109
Renwick, L., Pedley, R., Johnston, I., Bell, V., Lovell, K., Bee, P., & Brooks, H. L. (2022) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-022-01997-6 · Cited by 121
“Jorm’s theory [12] promotes self-management for minor problems but within conceptualisations of help-seeking which encompass illness behaviour, self-help can be understood to refer to how people monitor their own health, define and interpret their symptoms and take preventive or remedial action…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialStigma and Peer-Led Interventions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Sun, J., Yin, X., Li, C., Liu, W., & Sun, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.915617 · Cited by 132
Kim, E. J., Yu, J. H., & Kim, E. Y. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12593 · Cited by 114
Yeo, G., Reich, S. M., Liaw, N. A., & Chia, E. Y. M. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/51268 · Cited by 143
“…combination of them [15,56]: (1) knowledge about obtaining and maintaining good mental health, (2) understanding mental illnesses and treatments, (3) reducing mental illness–related stigma, (4) enhancing help-seeking efficacy or behaviors, and (5) enhancing help-seeking attitudes or intentions [4].”
Levin, M. E., Hayes, S. C., Pistorello, J., & Seeley, J. R. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22254 · Cited by 103
“university context suggest that MHE programs can improve self-identification of disorders, positive beliefs about treatment and treatment seeking (Jorm, 2012) as well as improve symptoms of depression (Christensen, Griffiths & Jorm, 2004).”
BackgroundMojtabai, R., & Crum, R. M. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.06.012 · Cited by 102
“…a major barrier to treatment seeking for both mental health and SUD and much effort has focused on improving problem recognition and appreciation of need for treatment for these problems (Jorm, 2011; 2006; McBride et al., 2004; Palmgreen et al., 1995; Paykel et al., 1998; Turner and Quinn, 1999).”
BackgroundSingh, S., Zaki, R. A., & Farid, N. D. N. (2019) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.06.004 · Cited by 107
Mental health literacy in non-western countries: a review of the recent literature
Furnham, A. F., & Hamid, A. (2014) · Mental Health Review Journal · doi:10.1108/mhrj-01-2013-0004 · Cited by 113
“Indeed the motivation of most researchers in this area is first to establish the MHL of particular groups and then improve it (Jorm, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialPetersen, I., Evans-Lacko, S., Semrau, M., Barry, M. M., Chisholm, D., Gronholm, P., Egbe, C. O., & Thornicroft, G. (2016) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-016-0060-z · Cited by 100
“Identification and case detection Mental health first aid training at the community level involves training members to identify when a person is developing a mental disorder, is suicidal, or is in crisis; to know how to manage the situation; and to know appropriate facilities for referral [19].”
BackgroundRacial/ethnic differences in perception of need for mental health treatment in a US national sample
Breslau, J. A., Cefalu, M. S., Wong, E. C., Burnam, M. A., Hunter, G., Flórez, K. R., & Collins, R. L. (2017) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-017-1400-2 · Cited by 100
“Programs addressing mental health literacy may also be useful [43, 44].”
Campos, L., Dias, P., Duarte, A., Veiga, E., Dias, C. C., & Palha, F. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15071426 · Cited by 100
Devendorf, A. R., Bender, A. M., & Rottenberg, J. A. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101843 · Cited by 114
Workplace suicide prevention: a systematic review of published and unpublished activities
Milner, A. J., Page, K. E., Spencer‐Thomas, S., & LaMontagne, A. D. (2014) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/dau085 · Cited by 100
“…elements align with recommendations regarding ‘best practice’ in workplace mental health interventions (Sanderson and Andrews, 2006; Martin et al., 2009; Jorm, 2012; LaMontagne et al., 2012, 2014; Woo and Postolache, 2008) and with the WHO guidelines for workplace suicide prevention (WHO, 2006).”
BackgroundSebastian, J., & Richards, D. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.071 · Cited by 96
“All rights reserved. illness (Jorm, 2012).”
Teachers’ mental health becoming worse: The case of China
Ruijuan, Y., You, X., Zhang, Y., Lian, L., & Feng, W. (2019) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2019.102077 · Cited by 105
Faber, S. C., Roy, A. K., Michaels, T. I., & Williams, M. T. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1098292 · Cited by 112
Kutcher, S., Gilberds, H., Morgan, C., Greene, R., Hamwaka, K., & Perkins, K. (2015) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2014.8 · Cited by 94
“…2013) and cognizant of considerations related to mental health (Canadian Alliance on Mental Illness and Mental Health, 2008; Reavley & Jorm, 2011; Jorm, 2012; Wei et al. 2013; Kutcher & Wei, 2014; Kutcher et al. in press), this definition has now been expanded to include four components: (1)…”
BackgroundAn international review of autism knowledge assessment measures
Harrison, A. J., Slane, M. M., Hoang, L., & Campbell, J. M. (2016) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316638786 · Cited by 94
The mental health and help-seeking behaviour of resettled Afghan refugees in Australia
Slewa‐Younan, S., Yaser, A., Guajardo, M. G. U., Mannan, H. R., Smith, C. A., & Mond, J. (2017) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-017-0157-z · Cited by 92
“Further, there is now good evidence from community-based research that early, appropriate help-seeking is association with improved mental health outcomes [21].”
BackgroundThornicroft, C., Wyllie, A., Thornicroft, G., & Mehta, N. (2013) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867413512687 · Cited by 91
“…Corrigan et al., 2012; Holzinger et al., 2008; Mansouri et al., 2009; Mittal et al., 2012; Schachter et al., 2008; Yamaguchi et al., 2013), and knowledge is substantially expanding on population-level interventions to improve mental health-related literacy (Angermeyer et al., 2009; Jorm, 2011).”
BackgroundPatafio, B., Miller, P., Baldwin, R., Taylor, N., & Hyder, S. (2021) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13109 · Cited by 84
“Poor MHL often results in delayed help-seeking, which in turn can have negative impacts on mental illness prognosis and recovery (Jorm, 2012), while positive attitudes toward mental health and mental health awareness have been shown to increase the likelihood of young people recognizing and feeling…”
BackgroundUsing children’s literature to strengthen social and emotional learning
Heath, M. A., Smith, K., & Young, E. L. (2017) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034317710070 · Cited by 89
“…associated with mental illness, practical logistics regarding cost and time commitment, general distrust of those offering counseling services, and beliefs that professional counseling services are not relevant or helpful (Andrade et al., 2014; Garland et al., 2005; Jorm, 2012; Owens et al., 2002).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Jorm, A. F.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Jorm, Anthony F.
- ORCID
- Jorm, Anthony F.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 2012-04
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 231-243
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2067652354
- Cited by
- 1,783
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 164 · 2025: 185 · 2024: 197 · 2023: 171 · 2022: 181 · 2021: 177 · 2020: 160 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 102 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 86 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 40.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Literacy and Information Accessibility
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mental Health and Patient Involvement
- Keywords
- mental health literacy, mental disorder prevention, help-seeking, self-help strategies, mental health first aid, mental health education, mental health policy, population monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Community Mental Health Services, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Mental Health, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Surveys and Questionnaires, Health Literacy, Early Medical Intervention
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