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Mental health literacy: empowering the community to take action for better mental health
Abstract
For major physical diseases, it is widely accepted that members of the public will benefit by knowing what actions they can take for prevention, early intervention, and treatment. However, this type of public knowledge about mental disorders (mental health literacy) has received much less attention. There is evidence from surveys in several countries for deficiencies in (a) the public's knowledge of how to prevent mental disorders, (b) recognition of when a disorder is developing, (c) knowledge of help-seeking options and treatments available, (d) knowledge of effective self-help strategies for milder problems, and (e) first aid skills to support others affected by mental health problems. Nevertheless, there is evidence that a range of interventions can improve mental health literacy, including whole-of-community campaigns, interventions in educational settings, Mental Health First Aid training, and information websites. There is also evidence for historical improvements in mental health literacy in some countries. Increasing the community's mental health literacy needs to be a focus for national policy and population monitoring so that the whole community is empowered to take action for better mental health.
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“and having knowledge of mental health disorders assists in their recognition, management, and prevention (Jorm, 2012).”
From Improving Mental Health Service Utilization Among Men: A Systematic Review and Synthesis of Behavior Change Techniques Within Interventions Targeting Help-Seeking (2019) · cites this paper as Jorm, 2012
In the citing paper
“Low recognition of SAD is problematic because failing to identify a mental disorder where one exists generally results in lower treatment seeking (Jorm, 2012).”
From A Randomized Trial of Brief Online Interventions to Facilitate Treatment Seeking for Social Anxiety. (2022) · cites this paper as Jorm, 2012
In the citing paper
“When low, MHL impedes mental health treatment seeking (Jorm, 2012).”
From A Randomized Trial of Brief Online Interventions to Facilitate Treatment Seeking for Social Anxiety. (2022) · cites this paper as Jorm, 2012
In the citing paper
“In Canada, trained telephone peer support had a 95% chance of a cost per case of averted maternal depression of less than $17,446.122”
From Preventive strategies for mental health (2018) · cites this paper as [122]
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A Behavioral Economic Model of Help-Seeking for Depression
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“Fuerte's goal is to eliminate health disparities within the Latinx newcomer immigrant youth community by targeting three primary outcomes: (1) screening, identification, and linkage of youth at‐risk for mental health concerns to specialty mental health services; (2) increasing youth's mental health literacy (Jorm, 201…”
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“Surveys across several countries have indicated that health literacy for mental disorders may be even worse than for other medical conditions (Jorm, 2012), given people’s low awareness of mental health interventions.”
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“Based on this concept, several efforts had been made to facilitate early recognition and intervention in different mental illnesses (Jorm, 2012; Kelly, Jorm, & Wright, 2007), including a study targeting psychotic prodrome in Taiwan (Liu, Chiu, Chiu, Lai, & Hwu, 2009).”
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“Mental health literacy provides a framework to overcome barriers to service use and reduce mental health disparities through public education (Jorm, 2012; Jorm et al., 1997).”
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“Jorm later elaborated on this definition by describing five components of MHL [3]: (a) knowledge of how to prevent mental illness, (b) recognition of when a psychological disorder is developing, (c) knowledge of help-seeking options and available treatments, (d) knowledge of effective self-help strategies for mild pro…”
BackgroundInfluentialAn exploration of mental health literacy among older African Americans
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“Interventions for mental disorders can include informal and formal help (Jorm, 2012).”
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“Public health contributions to the health literacy debate have pointed out that it is not only about recognizing clinical or subclinical symptoms and finding the way in a healthcare system (AMA, 1999; Jorm, 2012; WHO, 1998), it also involves understanding the social determinants of health and capacities for collective…”
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“Additionally, noteworthy was the discovery of a subgroup with substantial knowledge of mental health, also called mental health literacy [79].”
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Caught between two worlds: mental health literacy and stigma among bicultural youth
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“While the MHL framework is consistent with Western culture’s focus on scientific understanding of mental illnesses, it may conflict with some non-Western cultural views of mental health (Jorm, 2012).”
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“31 Both scales were developed based on Jorm et al’s definition of mental health literacy 1,2 and align with the objectives of our study.”
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“None of the articles reviewed measured all elements of the most comprehensive definition of MHL [40] with a consistent measure, suggesting that it may be challenging to measure all elements of MHL in a single study.”
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“Seeking professional assistance is often delayed or avoided as people are not willing to discuss MH issues or do not have the proper knowledge to understand early indicators [44].”
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“Developing professionals’ ‘mental health literacy’ (Jorm, 2012) has been identified as a”
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“A adolescência, enquanto transição entre a infância e a idade adulta constitui-se como uma fase de vida crítica para a SM. Jorm (2012, 2019) reforça que são várias as perturbações mentais que têm o seu pico de incidência nesta fase.”
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“Those studies reported problematic levels of MHL among healthcare professionals (including nurses) that had potential to compromise their ability to offer adequate help for their patients [4, 13, 14, 47, 48].”
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Chng, J., Burns, R., Murray, K., & Crisp, D. (2022) · Journal of Happiness and Health · doi:10.47602/johah.v2i1.13 · Cited by 9
“Mental health literacy decreases mental health stigma, and promotes good health and help-seeking behaviour (Jorm, 2000; Jorm, 2012; Jorm et al., 1997; Kutcher et al., 2016).”
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“It includes a few components such as knowledge about the development and prevention of mental disorders, treatment methods and their availability, and self-help strategies and skills to support others in a mental health crisis [15].”
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“These conceptions of care present patients’ health as a network of agents and factors, including demographics, past health experiences, and a patient’s own health literacy, or understanding of their ability to search for and comprehend health information (Jorm, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialReducing Physical Illness Stigma: Insights from the Mental Illness Arena
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“It can also reduce stigma (Mukadam & Livingston, 2012), caregiver burden (Jorm, 2012), and societal impact of dementia (World Health Organization, 2012).”
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“It includes how to prevent mental illness, recognize signs of mental illness, knowledge of self-help strategies, help-seeking options and available treatments, as well as how to support someone showing signs of mental illness [27, 28].”
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“Further, information distribution about mental illness can not only prevent but also treat mental illness in an effective manner (Jorm, 2012).”
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Ferlatte, O., Salway, T. J., Oliffe, J. L., Rice, S., Gilbert, M., Young, I., McDaid, L. M., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., & Knight, R. (2020) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2020.1769783 · Cited by 13
“to effective mental health promotion (Jorm, 2012; Jorm et al., 1997).”
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The Influence of Implicit Theories of Depression on Treatment-Relevant Attitudes
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“Knowledge about treatment and attitudes towards treatment are important factors in treatment-seeking (Jorm 2012).”
BackgroundUrban‐Rural Differences in Depression Literacy Among High School Teachers in the Kingdom of Eswatini
Ngwenya, T. Z., Huang, N., Wang, I., & Chen, C. (2022) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.13173 · Cited by 10
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“The skills covered in educational mental health programmes not only improve mental health literacy but also empower young people to take preventive action to support themselves and others (Jorm, 2012, 2015).”
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“1,4 There are many straightforward strategies, or “nudges”, that can serve as interventions to leverage this knowledge.”
BackgroundPopulation and Community Platform Interventions
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“Identification and Case Detection Mental health first aid training at the community level involves training community members to identify when a person is developing a mental disorder, is suicidal, or is in crisis; to know how to manage the situation; and to know where to refer the person appropriately (Jorm 2012).”
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“Depression literacy Depression literacy is conceptualized as knowledge and beliefs about depressive disorders in terms of prevention, recognition of illness, help-seeking, effective treatments, and first aid skills to support others (Jorm, 2012).”
BackgroundCingel, D. P., Lauricella, A. R., Mann, S., Carter, M. C., & Wartella, E. A. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-01984-6 · Cited by 10
“…a particularly important addition to the literature, given that literacy surrounding mental and physical health is relatively low among parents and adolescents (Jorm, 2012), and little work has addressed how media can promote parent understanding about sensitive topics pertaining to mental health.”
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Setiyawati, D., Jatmika, W. N., Puspakesuma, N., Retnowati, S., & Colucci, E. (2022) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2021.2022632 · Cited by 11
“However, it has been shown in research in some countries that there are deficiencies, including in the area of mental health first aider skills (Jorm, 2012).”
BackgroundAn evaluation of the quality of online perinatal depression information
Hardman, M. P., Reynolds, K., Petty, S. K., Pryor, T. A. M., Pierce, S. K., Bernstein, M. T., & Furer, P. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04320-4 · Cited by 10
“Another help-seeking barrier is low mental health literacy, an individual’s knowledge about mental disorders and treatment options, which can hinder mothers’ ability to recognize depression and make informed treatment choices [19, 20].”
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Davidson, D., Reynolds, K., Theule, J., & Feldgaier, S. (2022) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.12915 · Cited by 10
Gorczynski, P. F., Aron, C. M., Moore, M. A., & Reardon, C. L. (2023) · Clinics in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.csm.2023.06.001 · Cited by 15
Maternal postpartum depression literacy subtypes: A latent profile analysis
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“However, low levels of mental health literacy can affect an individual ’ s state of awareness of the recognition of symptoms of psychological problems and their treatment, among other things [13].”
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Conceptualizing empowerment practice with lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth in Jamaica
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“, 2015; Grose, Grabe, & Kohfeldt, 2014), mental health (Jorm, 2012; White et al., 2010), economic security (Scheuler, Diouf, Nevels, & Hughes, 2014), and access to health care and social services (Mayfield-Johnson, Rachal, & Butler, 2014).”
BackgroundDoumit, M. A. A., Farhood, L., & Hamady, C. (2017) · Journal of Transcultural Nursing · doi:10.1177/1043659617700958 · Cited by 10
“Assisting the young in terms of mental health literacy is paramount since they often lack the knowledge and experience to adequately deal with their mental health condition (Jorm, 2012).”
BackgroundHow Lay Theories Influence Our Mental Health
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Schüler mit einem psychisch erkrankten Elternteil und die Mental Health Literacy von Lehrkräften
Bruland, D., Kornblum, K., Harsch, S., Bröder, J., Okan, O., & Bauer, U. (2017) · Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie · doi:10.13109/prkk.2017.66.10.774 · Cited by 10
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“…negative and stigmatising in developed and developing countries (Alonso et al., 2008; Igbinomwanhia et al., 2013; Kvaale et al., 2013; Reavley & Jorm, 2012; Yoshioka et al., 2016) and in sub-Saharan African countries like Ghana (Barke et al., 2011; Drew et al., 2011; Gyamfi et al., 2018;…”
BackgroundGijzen, M., Rasing, S. P. A., van den Boogaart, R., Rongen, W. C. H., van der Steen, T., Creemers, D. H. M., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Smit, F. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260224 · Cited by 11
“Considering the link between mental health literacy and help-seeking behaviors [41,45], it is important that adolescents have knowledge of symptoms such as irritability as part of depression in order to ask or look for help.”
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“with a mental illness (Jorm 2012).”
BackgroundApplying health communications to mental illness stigma change
Michaels, P. J., Kosyluk, K. A., & Butler, E. (2015) · Journal of Public Mental Health · doi:10.1108/jpmh-05-2014-0025 · Cited by 10
“Education seeks to increase knowledge about mental health conditions by replacing incorrect beliefs with facts (Jorm, 2012; Watson et al., 2004).”
BackgroundKnowledge of mental illnesses: Two studies using a new test
Furnham, A. F., Gee, M., & Weis, L. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.06.058 · Cited by 10
“, Jorm, A. F., & McGorry, P. D. (2006). Influence of gender on mental health literacy in young Australians.”
Kim, N. S., Johnson, S. G. B., Ahn, W., & Knobe, J. (2017) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-017-0056-5 · Cited by 11
“which psychotherapy has the potential to be effective (Jorm, 2012; Ten Have et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialPublic Beliefs About Somatic Symptom Disorders
Knesebeck, O. V. D., Löwe, B., Lehmann, M., & Makowski, A. C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00616 · Cited by 10
“A lack of public mental health literacy means that many members of the public do not knowwhat they can do for prevention, people often delay or avoid seeking treatment, view recommended treatments with suspicion, or they are unsure how to assist people afflicted by mental health problems (6).”
BackgroundMental health literacy in a sample of Canadian adults.
Gallagher, C. E., & Watt, M. C. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/cbs0000129 · Cited by 9
Morgado, T. M. M., Loureiro, L. M. D. J., & Botelho, M. A. ́. (2022) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/jcap.12386 · Cited by 12
Public awareness of Misophonia in U.S. adults: a Population-based study
Dixon, L. J., Schadegg, M. J., Clark, H., & Perry, M. M. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04180-x · Cited by 9
“…- alized, nor was the importance or value of learning about with key community figures for the development of cultur - ally-sensitive community-focused campaigns can increase knowledge and positive beliefs about mental health dis - orders and treatment options (Abotsie et al., 2020; Jorm, 2012).”
BackgroundCultural Adaptation of the teen Mental Health First Aid (tMHFA) Program from Australia to the USA
Rosenbaum, L., Bhakta, S., Wilcox, H. C., Pas, E. T., Girgis, K., DeVinney, A., Hart, L., & Murray, S. M. (2023) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-023-09576-z · Cited by 9
“…importance of offering a range of mental health literacy interventions at the community level (e.g., wellness campaigns, embedding services within educational programs, and providing information on Web sites) to empower families and community members to act for better mental health (Jorm, 2012).”
BackgroundReliability and validity of the positive mental health literacy scale in Chinese adolescents
Liu, Z., Yuan, F., Zhao, J., & Du, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1150293 · Cited by 9
“Mental disorders seriously affect adolescents’ mental health, wellbeing, academic performance and social relations (Campbell et al., 2022) but very few seek professional help (Seo et al., 2022) while others postpone obtaining support (Jorm, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialAbo‐Rass, F., Abu‐Kaf, S., Nakash, O., & Braun‐Lewensohn, O. (2024) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640231223433 · Cited by 9
“Given the uniqueness of this society, as detailed in the literature review, it is essential to investigate MHL specifically in this society, as it is recommended that MHL be understood based on ethnocultural backgrounds (Jorm, 2012).”
BackgroundLemmer, D., Moessner, M., Arnaud, N., Baumeister, H., Mutter, A., Klemm, S.-L., König, E., Plener, P. L., Rummel‐Kluge, C., Thomasius, R., et al. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/54478 · Cited by 11
“Specifically, self-reliance, a low perceived need for help [25-27], low treatment expectations [28], stigma [26,27,29,30], and poor MH literacy [27,31,32] have been identified as major contributors to the lack of professional help seeking.”
Austin, L., Browne, R. K., Carreiro, M., Larson, A. G., Khreizat, I., DeJonckheere, M. J., & Schwartz, S. E. O. (2024) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x241237236 · Cited by 12
“Mental health literacy encompasses the ability to differentiate a mental health condition from general stress, attributions of mental disorders, and knowledge and beliefs about risk factors and available professional help (Jorm, 2012).”
ElKhalil, R., AlMekkawi, M., O’Connor, M., Sherif, M., Masuadi, E., Ahmed, L. A., Al‐Rifai, R. H., Belfakir, M., Bayoumi, R. R., & Elbarazi, I. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081394 · Cited by 9
Khatib, A., Abo‐Rass, F., & Khatib, A. (2024) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2024.06.001 · Cited by 9
Winkler, P., Kunc, B., Guerrero, Z., Mohr, P., Schomerus, G., & Mladá, K. (2024) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100369 · Cited by 9
Chu, Z., Xie, J., Liu, R., Ou, L., Zheng, L., & Xie, G. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1555615 · Cited by 15
Mental health literacy, treatment preferences, and barriers in Salvadorian parents
Johnco, C. J., Salloum, A., McBride, N. M., Cepeda, S. L., Guttfreund, D., Novoa, J. C., & Storch, E. A. (2019) · International Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/00207411.2019.1629376 · Cited by 10
“…of psychiatric problems has been linked to increased quality and quantity of help-seeking with speciality treatment services in a number of studies (Jorm, 2012; Mendenhall, 2012; Mendenhall, Fristad, & Early, 2009; Teagle, 2002; Yeh et al., 2005), and improved help-seeking intentions (Reavley &…”
BackgroundBond, K. S., Reavley, N. J., Kitchener, B. A., Kelly, C., Oakes, J., & Jorm, A. F. (2020) · Advances in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/18387357.2020.1763815 · Cited by 9
Self-citationZare, S., Kaveh, M. H., Ghanizadeh, A. J., Nazari, M., Asadollahi, A., & Zare, R. (2022) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2022/7210221 · Cited by 16
“MHL includes the ability to recognize speci fi c disorders, knowledge of how to seek mental health information, knowledge about risk factors and causes, self-treat-ments, and professional help available, and attitudes that promote recognition and appropriate help-seeking [19, 20].”
Huang, W., Li, X., Wu, Z., Jiang, N., & Zhang, X. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-05067-2 · Cited by 9
“It was Very Liberating”. Dialogic Literary Gatherings Supporting Mental Health Literacy
Zubiri-Esnaola, H., Racionero-Plaza, S., Fernández-Villardón, A., & Carbonell, S. (2022) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-022-01071-0 · Cited by 11
“Now it also involves aspects such as fostering supportive relations (Jorm, 2012, p., 6) and decreasing stigma (Corrigan et al., 2014; Kutcher et al, 2015b), and it is in line with the interpretation of health literacy as empowerment (Kutcher et al., 2015b).”
BackgroundInfluentialHigh School Students’ Depression Literacy about Interventions and Prevention: A Survey in Tehran
Khorrami, Z., Sayarifard, A., Ghahari, S., Memaryan, N., Pirmoradi, M., & Ghadirian, L. (2023) · Depression Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2023/8540614 · Cited by 10
“In the field of prevention, people are more familiar with preventing physical illnesses such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, when they are less familiar with the methods of preventing psychiatric disorders [14].”
BackgroundA scoping review of studies examining mental health literacy among Arabs worldwide
Abo‐Rass, F., Nakash, O., & Abu‐Kaf, S. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12952 · Cited by 9
Maurício, A. C., & Laranjeira, C. (2023) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci13100220 · Cited by 9
Krokos, O., Brandhorst, I., Seizer, L., Gawrilow, C., & Löchner, J. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100733 · Cited by 15
“…the ability to recognize specific disorders, knowledge of mental health information sources, knowledge of risk and protective factors, knowledge of self-help, and knowledge of available professional help and attitudes that promote recognition and help-seeking behaviors (Jorm, 2012).”
BackgroundOlder Adults’ Knowledge of Anxiety Disorders
Beaunoyer, E., Landreville, P., & Carmichael, P. (2017) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbx128 · Cited by 9
“An increase in the allocation of financial resources is more likely to occur if voters and elected officials require it, which is more likely if they understand the societal impact of mental health disorders and the potential of health services to lessen it (Jorm, 2012).”
BackgroundBeliefs about the causes of and treatments for depression and bipolar disorder among South Koreans
Park, S., Jang, H., Furnham, A. F., Jeon, M., & Park, S. J. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.050 · Cited by 9
Liu, W. (2018) · Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.1111/nhs.12428 · Cited by 9
Sharma, R., Meurk, C., Ford, P. J., Beere, D., & GARTNER, C. E. (2018) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12465 · Cited by 9
Canavan, J., Devaney, C., McGregor, C., & Shaw, A. (2019) · Child maltreatment · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05858-6_23 · Cited by 10
Literacia em saúde mental sobre depressão: Um estudo com adolescentes portugueses
Rosa, A., Loureiro, L. M. D. J., & Sequeira, C. (2019) · Revista Portuguesa de Enfermagem de Saúde Mental · doi:10.19131/rpesm.0236 · Cited by 9
Exploring older adults’ experiences seeking psychological services using the network episode model
Beatie, B. E., Mackenzie, C. S., Thompson, G. N., Koven, L., Eschenwecker, T., & Walker, J. R. (2020) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x20000719 · Cited by 15
“, 2013), was older adults’ previous knowledge ofmental health and treatment options (i.e.mental health literacy; Jorm, 2012).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Jorm, A. F.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Jorm, Anthony F.
- ORCID
- Jorm, Anthony F.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 2012-04
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 231-243
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2067652354
- Cited by
- 1,783
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 164 · 2025: 185 · 2024: 197 · 2023: 171 · 2022: 181 · 2021: 177 · 2020: 160 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 102 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 86 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 40.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Literacy and Information Accessibility
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mental Health and Patient Involvement
- Keywords
- mental health literacy, mental disorder prevention, help-seeking, self-help strategies, mental health first aid, mental health education, mental health policy, population monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Community Mental Health Services, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Mental Health, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Surveys and Questionnaires, Health Literacy, Early Medical Intervention
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