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The role of early emotional neglect in alexithymia
Abstract
Alexithymia is a personality trait associated with difficulties in identifying and communicating personal feelings. It is shown to be a risk factor for affective disorders. Previous studies have demonstrated the co-occurrence of alexithymia and early life stress in clinical samples; however, research in the absence of psychological and somatic disorders rarely exists. We therefore investigated alexithymia and early life stress in a high alexithymic but healthy community sample (n 46) in comparison with low alexithymic healthy subjects (n 44). Alexithymia was assessed by the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and BermondVorst Alexithymia Questionnaire. Emotional functioning was also measured using the Emotional Experience Scales. Early life stress was assessed by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and Early Trauma Inventory. There was a significantly positive correlation between alexithymia and early emotional neglect (EN) in the total sample (r .37; p .001), while physical or sexual traumata were not associated with high alexithymic features. EN also predicted the overall level of alexithymia. Within the high alexithymic group only, EN was related to significantly increased emotional dysfunction when controlling for alexithymia. The results show a first indication of differentiation between a “neglect” and a “nonneglect” subtype of alexithymia. We therefore conclude that EN should be taken into account in future studies on psychological functioning in alexithymia.
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“increased rates of alexithymia in adulthood have been associated with a number of negative experiences in childhood, such as physical or sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and poor family expressiveness (Aust et al., 2013; Berenbaum, 1996; Kench and Irwin, 2000).”
From Atypical interoception as a common risk factor for psychopathology: A review (2021) · cites this paper as Aust et al., 2013
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“These findings are in line with previous research showing a consistent connection between emotional neglect and alexithymia (Aust et al., 2013; Pasco Fearon & Roisman 2017).”
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“Its association with ELS has been demonstrated in a number of clinical studies (e.g., Weber et al., 2008; Wingenfeld et al., 2011) and also in a very recent investigation of healthy individuals (Aust et al., 2013a).”
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“Five TADS domain scores were calculated by summing their five respective aspects: [1] Emotional Neglect, [3] Emotional Abuse, [4] Physical Neglect, [5] Physical Abuse, and [6] Sexual abuse [20].”
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“For instance, Aust et al. (2013) high-lighted that higher levels of early emotional neglect predicted the overall level of alexithymia in a community sample, whilst Van Strien et al. (2019) reported a positive relationship between lower parental suppression of emotions and more severe alexithymic…”
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“The nature of the association between GD, depression, EMS, alexithymia and gambling motives, however, remains unclear.”
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“Moreover, among subtypes of childhood trauma, only emotional neglect signi fi cantly predicts depression, anxiety, stress, resilience, alexithymia, and substance misuse disorders (Aust et al., 2013; Grummitt et al., 2022; Lee et al., 2018; Salokangas et al., 2020).”
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“The scientific community proposed a developmental theory of the origin of alexithymia (2), whereby signs of poor emotional awareness and difficulties in verbalizing emotions in adolescents can predispose them to develop alexithymia as a stable personality trait in adulthood (3–6).”
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“According to the psychoanalytic approach, alexithymia is related to defense mechanisms, or it is a defense mechanism against anxiety, conflict, and trauma states that causes discomfort or a style to cope with stress (28,29,30,31).”
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“…non-standardized coefficients, the non-standardized coefficients resulting from this procedure previous research findings that verified the influence of childhood trauma on emotional clarity in diverse age groups (Aust et al., 2013; Jessar et al., 2017; Smith et al., 2023; Weissman et al., 2020 ).”
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Niedtfeld, I., Schmitz, S. E., Langenstein, M., & Hepp, J. (2025) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-025-00297-0 · Cited by 3
“2 C, following [11]), each above and beyond any effects of childhood abuse.”
Experiences of childhood emotional maltreatment and emotional intelligence in young women
Suslow, T., Kersting, A., & Hoepfel, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1583066 · Cited by 5
“Early and enduring experiences of neglect and abuse can disturb the development of cognitive-affective competencies, resulting in dif fi culties in identifying and verbalizing emotions and an externally oriented thinking style, i.e., alexithymic personality characteristics (15, 16).”
Ye, Q., Zhang, S.-Y., He, X.-L., Yang, Y., Ni, K., Yang, H., Wei, W., Preece, D. A., Chan, R. C. K., Li, B.-M., et al. (2025) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107877 · Cited by 3
Wang, R., Ye, B., Wang, P., Yang, Q., & Luo, S. (2022) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2022.101486 · Cited by 3
A Review of the Research Status of Alexithymia
陈, 情. (2021) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2021.111020 · Cited by 3
Shaffer, A. E., Zegarac, M. C., & Peterson, C. M. (2023) · Child maltreatment solutions network · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-33739-0_9 · Cited by 3
The Utility of Assessing Alexithymia, in Addition to Coping, in the Context of Posttraumatic Stress
Bowen, M. E., McDevitt‐Murphy, M. E., Olin, C. C., & Buckley, B. E. (2022) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001561 · Cited by 4
Violencia de Pareja y Alexitimia en Mujeres Neoleonesas
de la Rubia, J. M., & Basurto, S. R. (2015) · Acta de Investigación Psicológica · doi:10.1016/s2007-4719(15)30004-1 · Cited by 3
Self-experience in MDMA assisted therapy of PTSDPreprint
van der Kolk, B. A., Wang, J. B., Yehuda, R., Bedrosian, L., Coker, A. R., Harrison, C., Mithoefer, M. C., Yazar‐Klosinski, B., Emerson, A., & Doblin, R. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.01.03.23284143 · Cited by 3
Kahya, Y., & Uluç, S. (2023) · Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.57127/10.5455/kpd.26024438m000076x · Cited by 2
Nitric Oxide in the Hypnotizability-Related Interoception: A Scoping Review
Giusti, G., & Santarcangelo, E. L. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207144.2025.2468979 · Cited by 2
“…and obesity show higher accuracy for the detection of sweet taste and lower accuracy for all other taste qualities compared to normal-weight children (Mai-Lippold et al., 2024), and interoceptive alterations in adolescence represent a risk factor for the onset of alexithymia (Aust et al., 2013).”
Liu, Y., Zhang, C., Li, M., Gao, Y. H., Wang, Y., Liu, X., & Li, J. (2023) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-023-01723-6 · Cited by 3
“Individuals with a history of adverse childhood experiences have been reported to exhibit a higher inclination toward social withdrawal [38, 39].”
Brain White Matter Alterations in Young Adults with Childhood Emotional Neglect Experience
Jin, X., Xu, B., Jin, H., & Yan, S. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15060746 · Cited by 2
“In comparison with other subtypes of childhood trauma, CEN predicts significantly more anxiety, depression, stress, alex-ithymia, resilience, and substance abuse disorders (Aust et al., 2013; Grummitt et al., 2022; Salokangas et al., 2020).”
Özgün, H., & Kanak, M. (2022) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001508 · Cited by 2
Pellerone, M., Torvisco, J. M., Velianna, S. E., & Pistillo, M. (2021) · Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal · doi:10.14738/assrj.82.9785 · Cited by 2
Resparking from flatness: new thoughts on shut-down states after trauma and neglect
Music, G. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/0075417x.2021.2018482 · Cited by 2
“Of course neglect gives rise to a poor capacity to understand emotions in oneself (Aust et al., 2013), while many on the spectrum use similar brain circuitry when looking at faces and objects (Griffin et al., 2020), and so can treat people like objects, not callously or deliberately, but just…”
BackgroundSpidel, A. L., & Kealy, D. (2023) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2023.87.1.6 · Cited by 1
ATEŞ, S., & Moroğlu, A. K. (2023) · Humanistic Perspective · doi:10.47793/hp.1319433 · Cited by 1
Santelices, M. P., Cristóbal, P. S., & Diez, M. (2024) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-024-00412-0 · Cited by 1
“…studies have suggested that adults who were victims of childhood trauma and who have experienced symptoms of depression show mentalizing deficits (Aust et al., 2013), and clinical literature has focused on the effects that parental experience of childhood trauma and the experience of symptoms of…”
Metadata
- Authors
- Aust, S., Härtwig, E. A., Heuser, I., & Bajbouj, M.
- Venue
- Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy
- Published
- 2013-05
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 225-232
- ISSN
- 1942-9681 (ISSN-L)
- 1942-969X
- OpenAlex
- W2327624888
- Cited by
- 134
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 4.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- German Research Foundation (DFG, EXC302)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- alexithymia, early life stress, childhood trauma, emotional functioning, emotional dysregulation, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire
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