Effects of early life stress on cognitive and affective function: an integrated review of human literature
Open accessAbstract
Rationale The investigation of putative effects of early life stress (ELS) in humans on later behavior and neurobiology is a fast developing field. While epidemiological and neurobiological studies paint a somber picture of negative outcomes, relatively little attention has been devoted to integrating the breadth of findings concerning possible cognitive and emotional deficits associated with ELS. Emerging findings from longitudinal studies examining developmental trajectories of the brain in healthy samples may provide a new framework to understand mechanisms underlying ELS sequelae.Objective The goal of this review was twofold. The first was to summarize findings from longitudinal data on normative brain development. The second was to utilize this framework of normative brain development to interpret changes in developmental trajectories associated with deficits in cognitive and affective function following ELS.Results Five principles of normative brain development were identified and used to discuss behavioral and neural sequelae of ELS. Early adversity was found to be associated with deficits in a range of cognitive (cognitive performance, memory, and executive functioning) and affective (reward processing, processing of social and affective stimuli, and emotion regulation) functions.Conclusion Three general conclusions emerge: (1) higher-order, complex cognitive and affective functions associated with brain regions undergoing protracted postnatal development are particularly vulnerable to the deleterious effects of ELS; (2) the amygdala is particularly sensitive to early ELS; and (3) several deficits, particularly those in the affective domain, appear to persist years after ELS has ceased and may increase risk for later psychopathology.
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Childhood exposure to chronic stress leads to changes in development of nervous, endocrine, and immune systems, resulting in impaired cognitive, social, and emotional functioning and increased allostatic load.
“Physiological and biomolecular studies are increasingly establishing how childhood exposure to chronic stress leads to changes in development of nervous, endocrine, and immune systems, resulting in impaired cognitive, social, and emotional functioning and increased allostatic load (ie, chronic physiological damage). 3,4”
From The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
The Introduction and “Early life stress and brain development” sections say chronic stress may disturb brain development and alter HPA-axis reactivity; the Conclusion links early-life stress to cognitive and affective impairments. Our copy does not substantiate altered immune-system development or increased allostatic load, which appears only in a reference title, and it frames some developmental effects more cautiously than the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMost existing models emphasize atypical limbic system development from prolonged early-life stress as a central mechanism for outcomes associated with caregiver deprivation.
“Most existing models emphasize atypical limbic system development resulting from prolonged early-life stress as a central mechanism underlying developmental outcomes associated with caregiver deprivation.(25–31)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [27]
Neglected children exhibit deficits in many areas of cognitive development.
“One of the most consistent observations of neglected children is that they exhibit deficits in numerous areas of cognitive development,(27, 28)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [27]
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An event-related potential study of the impact of institutional rearing on face recognition
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Stress in early life inhibits neurogenesis in adulthood
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Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., Sethi, D., Butchart, A., Mikton, C., Jones, L., & Dunne, M. P. (2017) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(17)30118-4 · Cited by 5,255 · see citing works
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Self-citationMore than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science
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“…such as chronic inflammation in adulthood (Slopen et al., 2010; Surtees et al., 2003; Danese et al., 2007) and telomere shortening (Hanssen et al., 2017; Ridout et al., 2017), cognitive and affective processes (Pechtel and Pizzagalli, 2011), and behavioral proclivities (Miller et al., 2011).”
BackgroundThe neurobiology of depression: An integrated view
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“Stress, however, can undermine self-regulatory cognitive processes such as executive functioning (Pechtel & Pizzagalli 2011) and interferes with the brain areas responsible for self-regulation (Liston et al. 2009). www.annualreviews.org • Stress and Obesity 5.3 Review in Advance first posted on…”
BackgroundInfluentialChronic stress, cognitive functioning and mental health
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Early-life stress has persistent effects on amygdala function and development in mice and humans
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Traumatic Childhood Events and Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Childhood maltreatment and its effect on neurocognitive functioning: timing and chronicity matter
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“Maltreatment in infancy represents a clear case of early life stress, because it exceeds the infant’s coping resources and increases the amount of stress experienced at a sensitive period of development (Pechtel & Pizzagalli, 2011).”
BackgroundNeglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.02.1096 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Hidden wounds? inflammatory links between childhood trauma and psychopathology
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Towards an integrative theory of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES)
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The impact of developmental timing for stress and recovery
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“The timing of stress and its interactions with dynamic developmental processes are critical to subsequent outcomes (e.g., Lupien et al., 2009; Monk, 2008; Monk et al., 2002; Pechtel and Pizzagalli, 2011; Eiland and Romeo, 2013).”
BackgroundErsche, K. D., Turton, A. J., Chamberlain, S. R., Müller, U., Bullmore, E. T., & Robbins, T. W. (2012) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11091421 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
The triadic model perspective for the study of adolescent motivated behavior
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Self-citationEarly-life adversity and brain development: Is the microbiome a missing piece of the puzzle?
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Early childhood stress exposure, reward pathways, and adult decision making
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Gut memories: Towards a cognitive neurobiology of irritable bowel syndrome
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Long-term consequences of childhood maltreatment: altered amygdala functional connectivity
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Early adversity and learning: implications for typical and atypical behavioral development
Hanson, J. L., van den Bos, W., Roeber, B. J., Rudolph, K. D., Davidson, R. J., & Pollak, S. D. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12694 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
The neurobiological correlates of childhood adversity and implications for treatment
Tyrka, A. R., Burgers, D. E., Philip, N. S., Price, L. H., & Carpenter, L. L. (2013) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12143 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“Deficits include overall decrements in intelligence quotient (IQ) as well as specific problems with working memory, language, attention, and executive function (27, 35) that are present even after controlling for IQ (36).”
BackgroundThe role of early emotional neglect in alexithymia
Aust, S., Härtwig, E. A., Heuser, I., & Bajbouj, M. (2013) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0027314 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
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Altered amygdala connectivity in urban youth exposed to trauma
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“Behaviorally, loss of inhibitory affective control has been associated with exposure to trauma (Pechtel and Pizzagalli, 2011) as well as presence of clinical mood disorders (Etkin et al.”
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- Authors
- Pechtel, P., & Pizzagalli, D. A.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pechtel, Pia
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2010-09-24
- Volume
- 214
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 55-70
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- PMC
- PMC3050094
- OpenAlex
- W2155873686
- Cited by
- 1,352
- References
- 138
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 107 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 105 · 2022: 111 · 2021: 145 · 2020: 142 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 97 · 2017: 94 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 76 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 4.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH068376, R21MH078979)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- early life stress, childhood adversity, cognitive function, emotional functioning, executive function, memory, reward processing, emotion regulation, amygdala, postnatal brain development, developmental trajectories, psychopathology risk
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Animals, Brain, Cognition Disorders, Emotions, Humans, Life Change Events, Longitudinal Studies, Reward, Stress, Psychological
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