Psychotherapy for bipolar II disorder: The role of interpersonal and social rhythm therapy.
Open accessAbstract
Although bipolar II disorder is a highly prevalent, chronic illness that is associated with burdensome psychosocial impairment, relatively little is known about the best ways to treat the disorder. Moreover, psychosocial interventions for the management of bipolar II disorder have been largely unexplored, leaving psychologists with few evidence-based recommendations for best treatment practices. In this article, we provide information about interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT), an empirically supported treatment for bipolar I disorder that has preliminary evidence supporting its efficacy in bipolar II disorder. After reviewing the phenomenology of bipolar II disorder and differentiating it from bipolar I disorder, we summarize the extant empirical support for using psychotherapy in the management of bipolar II disorder. We explore what is known about the role of psychotherapy in the management of bipolar II disorder as well as lacunae in the evidence base. Next, we introduce IPSRT and discuss how it has been adapted for use as a treatment for individuals suffering from bipolar II disorder. Specific strategies of the treatment are detailed, and preliminary evidence for the efficacy of IPSRT in bipolar II disorder is described. Finally, we present a case vignette demonstrating the use of IPSRT for an individual with bipolar II disorder.
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Two small studies failed to demonstrate specific benefits of IPSRT compared to control conditions.
“Two small studies failed to demonstrate specific benefits of IPSRT compared to control conditions.99, 100”
From Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments ( <scp>CANMAT</scp> ) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders ( <scp>ISBD</scp> ) 2018 guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder (2018) · cites this paper as [100]
The Overview of Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy reports preliminary evidence of IPSRT efficacy, while the Conclusion says larger trials are needed. The Treating Bipolar II Disorder section mentions a few negative psychotherapy trials but does not identify two small IPSRT studies or report their comparisons with control conditions. Searches for IPSRT control comparisons and negative findings did not locate that specific claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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Novick, D. M., Bonfils, K. A., Bailey, B. C., & Swartz, H. A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-63349-2_5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Integrated Treatment Approach for Bipolar II Disorder: A Clinical Case Study
Theodoratou, M., & Puri, B. K. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14238528 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nursuprianah, I., Anggriani, N., Nuraini, N., & Rosandi, Y. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12091469 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Psycho- und soziotherapeutische Interventionen bei bipolaren affektiven Störungen: Review
Vetter, J., Wade-Bohleber, L., & Böker, H. (2014) · Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1661-4747/a000206 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chapter 4. Psychiatric and Medical Comorbidities With Bipolar II Disorder
Rosenblat, J. D., Ostacher, M. J., & McIntyre, R. S. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379224.lg04 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kiosses, D. N., Wright, L. C., & Young, R. C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48912-4_9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hatchett, G. T., & Motley, N. R. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781394258895.ch8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Reichenberg, L. W., & Seligman, L. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394259465.ch4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The impact of identity on the experience and management of bipolar disorders
Jaffe, L. M. (2015) · Smith ScholarWorks (Smith College)
Pater, M. E. (2021) · Physician Assistant Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.cpha.2021.02.010
Living with extreme mood swings: A recovery-focused group intervention
Huckle, C., & Fasoulaki, E. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Forum · doi:10.53841/bpscpf.2018.1.311.20
Dynamic analysis of bipolar disorder mathematical model
Nursuprianah, I., Anggriani, N., Nuraini, N., & Rosandi, Y. (2023) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0112000
(2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394259472.refs
Chapter 5. Suicide and Bipolar II Disorder
Schaffer, A., & Sinyor, M. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379224.lg05
Chapter 8. Mood Stabilizers and Antipsychotic Medications in Bipolar II Disorder
Solé, E., Garriga, M., & Vieta, E. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379224.lg08
Bipolar II Disorder: Recognition, Understanding, and Treatment
(2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379224
Chapter 11. Bipolar II Disorder in Childhood and Adolescence
Rengasamy, M. L., & Birmaher, B. B. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379224.lg11
Chapter 7. Functional Brain Imaging and Neural Determinants in Bipolar II Disorder
Manelis, A., Soehner, A. M., & Phillips, M. L. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379224.lg07
Chapter 9. Antidepressant Medications in Bipolar II Disorder
McElroy, S. L., & Israel, A. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379224.lg09
Chapter 6. Genetics of Bipolar II Disorder
McInnis, M. G. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379224.lg06
Chapter 12. Reproductive-Age Women With Bipolar II Disorder
Moses‐Kolko, E. L., Clark, C. T., DeBrunner, S. A., & Wisner, K. L. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379224.lg12
Chapter 10. Psychosocial Interventions in Bipolar II Disorder
Novick, D. M., & Swartz, H. A. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379224.lg10
Self-citationChapter 3. Interface Between Borderline Personality Disorder and Bipolar II Disorder
Zimmerman, M. A., & Morgan, T. A. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379224.lg03
Chapter 2. Diagnosing Bipolar II Disorder
Kramer, N. E., & Suppes, T. M. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379224.lg02
Chapter 1. A Neglected Condition
Swartz, H. A., & Suppes, T. M. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379224.lg01
Self-citationAkkuş, M. (2025) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1007694
Gill, C. S., Dailey, S. F., Karl, S. L., & Minton, C. A. B. (2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394346684.part2a
Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT) for Bipolar Disorders
Swartz, H. A., & Novick, D. M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-85519-1_32
Self-citationPsychoanalysis, Psychotherapy, and Behavioral Sciences
Miller, C. O. G. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-13315-1_6
Career Development Awards for Clinical Trialists: A Training Pathway Under Threat
Swartz, H. A. (2026) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.26079001
Self-citation
- Authors
- Swartz, H. A., Levenson, J. C., & Frank, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Venue
- Professional Psychology: Research and Practice
- Published
- 2012-04
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 145-153
- ISSN
- 0735-7028 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1323
- PMC
- PMC4657867
- OpenAlex
- W2004944993
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Professional Psychology Research and Practice (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Alliance for Research in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH084831)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- bipolar II disorder, interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, psychotherapy, psychosocial interventions, treatment efficacy, bipolar I disorder, treatment adaptation, case vignettes
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