The DOI matches its Crossref record; 83 of the 83 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 88 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Decomposing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-related effects in response speed and variability.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Slow and variable reaction times (RTs) on fast tasks are such a prominent feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that any theory must account for them. However, this has proven difficult because the cognitive mechanisms responsible for this effect remain unexplained. Although speed and variability are typically correlated, it is unclear whether single or multiple mechanisms are responsible for group differences in each. RTs are a result of several semi-independent processes, including stimulus encoding, rate of information processing, speed-accuracy trade-offs, and motor response, which have not been previously well characterized. METHOD: A diffusion model was applied to RTs from a forced-choice RT paradigm in two large, independent case-control samples (NCohort 1 = 214 and NCohort 2 = 172). The decomposition measured three validated parameters that account for the full RT distribution and assessed reproducibility of ADHD effects. RESULTS: In both samples, group differences in traditional RT variables were explained by slow information processing speed, and unrelated to speed-accuracy trade-offs or nondecisional processes (e.g., encoding, motor response). CONCLUSIONS: RT speed and variability in ADHD may be explained by a single information processing parameter, potentially simplifying explanations that assume different mechanisms are required to account for group differences in the mean and variability of RTs.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Diffusion modeling in two independent case-control samples found that ADHD-related slower and more variable responses were explained by slower information accumulation (drift rate), not by speed-accuracy trade-off or non-decision processes. The authors suggest a single processing parameter may account for both mean and variability effects in ADHD.
Key findings
- In Cohort 1 (214 children: 164 ADHD, 50 controls), the ADHD group had lower go-trial accuracy (d = 0.28) and greater RT variability (d = 0.48), with no mean RT difference; diffusion analysis showed slower drift rate (d = 0.34) but no group differences in boundary separation or non-decision time.
- In Cohort 2 (172 children: 81 ADHD, 91 controls), the ADHD group again had lower accuracy (d = 0.65) and greater RT variability (d = 0.78), with no mean RT difference; drift rate was slower (d = 0.68), while boundary separation and non-decision time did not differ.
- Group effects on accuracy, RT variability, and drift rate did not significantly differ by cohort, though Cohort 1 had lower accuracy, less RT variability, faster drift, older age, lower estimated IQ, and more families below the federal poverty limit than Cohort 2.
- The authors conclude that slow drift rate may be a single mechanism underlying ADHD-related response speed and variability, potentially linked to neural signal-to-noise ratio.
Methods
- Two independent case-control cohorts were recruited in different cities/states using identical screening and diagnostic procedures; diagnoses used parent/teacher rating scales, a semi-structured clinical interview, IQ testing, and clinical team consensus.
- Participants completed a tracking stop task; analyses used go trials (75% of trials) requiring an X/O choice response, with 32 practice trials and 4 blocks of 64 experimental trials. Diffusion parameters—drift rate, boundary separation, and non-decision time—were estimated from full correct and error RT distributions using Fast-dm; anticipation RTs under 150 ms were removed.
- MANCOVAs compared ADHD and control groups on mean RT, RT SD, accuracy, and the three diffusion parameters, with age and estimated IQ as covariates; gender, ODD symptoms, and medication status were initially considered but dropped as non-significant.
Limitations
- The paper states that cohort differences in task performance and drift rate were not explained by age, IQ, or income and likely reflect unmeasured sampling or procedural variation; additional samples are needed to estimate the population effect.
- The paper notes that the diffusion model may not capture attention lapses or contaminant RTs, that stop-task demands may affect speed-accuracy and motor preparation strategies, and that the model addresses single-step decisions rather than multi-step problem solving.
- Evident from the text: the cohorts differed in age range (7–18 vs. 7–12) and sample composition, and ADHD subtypes were collapsed after showing no outcome differences, which may limit generalization across developmental stages and subtype-specific effects.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Children with ADHD were less accurate (F[1, 210]= 4.12, p= .044, d= 0.28)”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Task Performance Measures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a MANCOVA that included mean RT, standard deviation of RT, and percent accuracy as between-groups measures, with age and estimated IQ as covariates, indicated significant between-groups differences on traditional task performance measures (F[3,208]= 3.55, p= .015)”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Task Performance Measures
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant differences between the two cohorts were identified in task performance measures, including for standard deviation of RT and drift rate.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Groups did not differ in mean RTs (see Table 1).”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Task Performance Measures
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In regards to non-decision time, the current study found no group differences in non-decision times in either sample.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as well as less variable RTs (F[1, 365]= 277.10, p< .001, d = 1.74)”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Comparison of Cohorts
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“had lower estimated IQ (F[1, 365]= 33.11, p< .001, d = 0.60)”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Comparison of Cohorts
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“had more variable RTs (F[1, 210]= 11.89, p= .001, d= 0.48) than non-ADHD controls”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Task Performance Measures
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and had a greater proportion of families making less than the federal poverty limit for a family of four (χ2[8]= 54.21, p< .001)”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Comparison of Cohorts
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Children with ADHD had slower drift rates than non-ADHD controls (F[1,210]= 5.97, p= .015, d= 0.34)”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Task Performance Measures
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: In a diffusion model, information about a stimulus is accumulated via a noisy process until a decision criterion is met, at which point a response is initiated.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Participants in forced-choice tasks set criteria for how much information they require before committing to a response.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Individuals who require less information respond more quickly but make more errors than those who require more information.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Processes not directly related to the response decision, such as stimulus encoding and motor preparation, influence final reaction time and must be modeled.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“children with ADHD had slower drift rates than non-ADHD controls (F[1, 168]= 19.49, p< .001, d = 0.68)”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Task Performance Measures
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: In a diffusion model, information about a stimulus is accumulated via a noisy process until a decision criterion is met, at which point a response is initiated.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Participants in forced-choice tasks set criteria for how much information they require before committing to a response.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Individuals who require less information respond more quickly but make more errors than those who require more information.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Processes not directly related to the response decision, such as stimulus encoding and motor preparation, influence final reaction time and must be modeled.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a 2 (Group) ×2 (Cohort) MANOVA test demonstrated no Group × Cohort interaction for accuracy, standard deviation of RT, or drift rate, indicating that although the sample means differed, the sizes of the between-group effects were not significantly different between the samples (all p> .347)”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Comparison of Cohorts
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in this context children with ADHD did not trade speed for accuracy to a greater degree than controls.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“children in Cohort #1 had significantly lower accuracy than those in Cohort #2 (F[1, 365]= 24.71, p< .001, d = 0.52)”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Comparison of Cohorts
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cohort 1 was also older (F[1, 365]= 146.44, p< .001, d = 1.27)”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Comparison of Cohorts
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, the effect sizes for both non-decision time and speed-accuracy trade-offs are substantially smaller than those for drift rate, even when significant group differences have been found.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but did not differ in either their speed-accuracy trade-off setting or non-decision time (all p> .157; see Table 1)”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Task Performance Measures
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: In a diffusion model, information about a stimulus is accumulated via a noisy process until a decision criterion is met, at which point a response is initiated.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Participants in forced-choice tasks set criteria for how much information they require before committing to a response.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Individuals who require less information respond more quickly but make more errors than those who require more information.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Processes not directly related to the response decision, such as stimulus encoding and motor preparation, influence final reaction time and must be modeled.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A MANCOVA that included mean RT, standard deviation of RT, and percent accuracy as between-groups measures, with age and estimated IQ as covariates, indicated significant between-group differences on traditional task performance measures (F[3,166]= 11.40, p< .001).”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Task Performance Measures
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and faster drift rates (F[1, 365]= 66.17, p< .001, d = 0.85)”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Comparison of Cohorts
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: In a diffusion model, information about a stimulus is accumulated via a noisy process until a decision criterion is met, at which point a response is initiated.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Participants in forced-choice tasks set criteria for how much information they require before committing to a response.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Individuals who require less information respond more quickly but make more errors than those who require more information.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Processes not directly related to the response decision, such as stimulus encoding and motor preparation, influence final reaction time and must be modeled.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the size of the between-group effects did not significantly differ between cohorts”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion > Limitations
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“within each study the effect size for drift rate was similar to that for standard deviation of RT”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion > Limitations
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Quantitative genetic analyses indicate higher heritability estimates for simple RT variables as compared to other specific task or accuracy measures”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Groot et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Kuntsi et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Stins et al., 2005
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“in neural terms RT speed and variability do not appear to be very specific, tending to show broad, rather than well-delineated, associations with structural and functional imaging measures”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yarkoni et al., 2009
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“as well as considerable overlap between the genes associated with ADHD symptoms and those associated with RT speed and variability”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wood et al., 2010
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When tasks call for quick, accurate response decisions, children with ADHD are typically less accurate, slower, and have more variable reaction times (RTs) compared to their same aged peers”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Castellanos et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Douglas, 1999
- Not checked yetcites Hervey et al., 2006
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“RT speed and variability reflect the influence of multiple interacting processes, including stimulus encoding, rate of information processing, motor preparation and output, speed-accuracy trade-off effects, and response bias”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ratcliff, 2002
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“there remains important between-study heterogeneity in the presence and size of effects for RT measures”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Frazier et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Huang-Pollock et al., in press
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When tasks call for quick, accurate response decisions, children with ADHD are typically less accurate, slower, and have more variable reaction times (RTs) compared to their same aged peers”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Castellanos et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Douglas, 1999
- Not checked yetcites Hervey et al., 2006
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When tasks call for quick, accurate response decisions, children with ADHD are typically less accurate, slower, and have more variable reaction times (RTs) compared to their same aged peers”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Castellanos et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Douglas, 1999
- Not checked yetcites Hervey et al., 2006
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“the cognitive interpretations of ex-Gaussian parameters remain uncertain”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Matzke & Wagenmakers, 2009
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Within the diffusion model framework, slow drift rates in ADHD would be consistent with ex-Gaussian approaches that have identified the most consistent group differences in τ.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“This is because small changes in drift rates have a larger effect in the tail of the distribution than in the leading edge”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ratcliff & McKoon, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Wagenmakers et al., 2005
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“pooled data confirm equal effects across frequency ranges”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Karalunas et al., in press
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The most consistent significant ADHD-control group differences are reported in the exponential upper tail of the RT distribution (τ)”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Buzy et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Epstein et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Leth-Steensen et al., 2000
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesWhat the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“patterns of significance did not change regardless of whether or not IQ was included as a covariate”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Methods > Statistical Analyses
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“diffusion parameters have consensus cognitive interpretations”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ratcliff, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Schmiedek et al., 2007
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two studies have found no group differences in speed-accuracy trade-off”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Huang-Pollock et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Karalunas & Huang-Pollock, revise and resubmit
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Although one found the expected group differences in drift rate”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Karalunas & Huang-Pollock, revise and resubmit
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Consistent with this hypothesis, slow drift rates in ADHD were identified in a meta-analysis of continuous performance tasks”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Huang-Pollock et al., 2012
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“suggesting that children with ADHD have a large number of excessively long RTs relative to non-ADHD controls”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Buzy et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Epstein et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Leth-Steensen et al., 2000
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesWhat the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“children in the ADHD group had significantly lower estimated IQs than non-ADHD controls (p= .006, d = 0.38)”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Cohort #1
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“in the other drift rate was held constant across participants via manipulating the difficulty of stimulus discrimination, and so group differences in drift rate could not be determined”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mulder et al., 2010
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“while a third found that children with ADHD had faster non-decision times than non-ADHD controls”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Karalunas & Huang-Pollock, revise and resubmit
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“parameters were estimated using only the mean, variance, and percent correct reported by group rather than using the full RT distributions”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Huang-Pollock et al., 2012
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, confirmation of this claim has not been convincing.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · hedged
“Thus, this approach seems not to have better characterized RT distributions in ADHD.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Castellanos et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Helps et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Karalunas et al., in press
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Conclusions · hedged
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, the same studies also note group differences in both μ and σ”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Buzy et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Epstein et al., 2011
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“recent studies in both humans and non-human primates have demonstrated correspondence between diffusion model parameters and real-time functioning of neural networks”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beck et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Philiastides et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Ratcliff et al., 2003
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“a third did find that children with ADHD traded speed for accuracy to a greater extent than non-ADHD controls, but only when specifically instructed to prioritize accuracy over speed”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mulder et al., 2010
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For non-decision time, two studies have found no group differences in non-decision times”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Huang-Pollock et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Mulder et al., 2010
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesWhat the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clinical scores were consistent with validity of the diagnostic group assignments.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Cohort #1
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“This finding is consistent with recent suggestions that children with ADHD also have difficulty suppressing activation in neural networks associated with rest”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Castellanos et al., 2009
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“initial evidence suggests that more specific associations can be achieved using diffusion parameters.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Traditional RT variables show broad patterns of association with structural and functional neuroimaging measures.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This is consistent with two previous studies which also found no group difference in speed-accuracy trade-offs (Huang-Pollock, et al., 2012; Karalunas & Huang-Pollock, revise and resubmit).”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Huang-Pollock, et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Karalunas & Huang-Pollock, revise and resubmit
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This is consistent with two other studies which also found no group differences in non-decision times (Huang-Pollock, et al., 2012; Mulder, et al., 2010).”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Huang-Pollock, et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Mulder, et al., 2010
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In particular, drift rate has been associated with activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC, Kühn, et al., 2011; Philiastides, Auksztulewicz, Heekeren, & Blankenburg, 2011)”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kühn, et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Philiastides, Auksztulewicz, Heekeren, & Blankenburg, 2011
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With this in mind, slow drift rates in ADHD are consistent with findings from the ex-Gaussian analyses, which often identify the largest group differences in the upper tail of the RT distribution.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“However, results contradict findings in another study suggesting that children with ADHD have faster non-decision times than non-ADHD controls (Karalunas & Huang-Pollock, revise and resubmit).”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Karalunas & Huang-Pollock, revise and resubmit
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the current study adds to initial evidence that children with ADHD have slower drift rates than non-ADHD controls.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Mulder et al. (2010), in contrast, found that children with ADHD traded accuracy for speed to a greater degree than non-ADHD controls, but only when specifically instructed to prioritize accuracy over speed.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mulder et al. (2010)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Slow drift rates, as documented in these two cohorts, are consistent with a recent meta-analysis of CPT performance (Huang-Pollock, et al., 2012), as well as with a case-control comparison study that also employed a stop task paradigm(Karalunas & Huang-Pollock, revise and resubmit).”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Huang-Pollock et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Karalunas & Huang-Pollock, revise and resubmit
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using this interpretation, slow drift rates in ADHD are indicative of a lower neural signal:noise ratio.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesWhat the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ADHD group had a higher proportion of boys and a higher proportion of children meeting criteria for ODD than non-ADHD controls (all p < .007).”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Cohort #2
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Similarly, because myelin is critical for preserving signal strength in neural communication, slow drift rates and low signal:noise ratios are also consistent with growing evidence that children with ADHD show less mature patterns of myelination relative to non-ADHD controls”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nagel et al., 2011
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, because slow drift rates exert the largest effects on the RTs at the upper end of the distribution (for additional explanation of why this is the case see Figure 2, Ratcliff & McKoon, 2008; Wagenmakers, van der Maas, & Grasman, 2007), group differences in information processing speed may, in fact, be best captured in increased spread of the distribution rather than by traditional measures”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ratcliff & McKoon, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Wagenmakers, van der Maas, & Grasman, 2007
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A failure to suppress this resting-state activation would be expected to result in lower signal:noise ratios and slower drift rates.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Diffusion model results are also consistent with prior literature suggesting that ADHD was characterized by poor signal detection as represented by d′ (Losier, McGrath, & Klein, 1996; Sergeant, Oosterlaan, & van der Meere, 1999).”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Losier, McGrath, & Klein, 1996
- Not checked yetcites Sergeant, Oosterlaan, & van der Meere, 1999
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesWhat the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, group difference in cognitive outcome variables were not explained by the sample differences in age, IQ, or income (all p remained <.001).”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Comparison of Cohorts
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We thus concluded that the primary effect reproduced across two different samples, despite unavoidable sampling variation.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Comparison of Cohorts
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Use of the diffusion model clarifies that it is possible for slow/inefficient information processing to result in large differences in the upper tail of the RT distribution.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that in both cohorts the diffusion model provided adequate and consistent mechanistic description of the group differences.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion > Limitations
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, we present a mechanistic description of cognitive processing deficits in ADHD that highlights the role of slow/inefficient information processing speed.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“giving us confidence in the current finding that children with ADHD have slower drift rates than non-ADHD controls”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion > Limitations
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on current results, it is possible that a single mechanism could account for the apparent consistency of group differences in RT variability in ADHD, as well as for less consistently identified group differences in mean RT measures.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Diffusion modeling is generally robust to these contaminant RTs (Ratcliff & Tuerlinckx, 2002)”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ratcliff & Tuerlinckx, 2002
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- The quote only partly states this claim. 9
- Probably not a substantial claim. 26
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both cohorts, slow drift rate was detected in the absence of differences in mean RT and the effect size was similar to that of standard deviation of RT (with substantially overlapping confidence intervals for drift rate and standard deviation of RT in both cohorts).”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but did not differ in either their speed-accuracy trade-off setting or non-decision time (all p> .157; see Table 1)”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Task Performance Measures
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: In a diffusion model, information about a stimulus is accumulated via a noisy process until a decision criterion is met, at which point a response is initiated.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Participants in forced-choice tasks set criteria for how much information they require before committing to a response.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Individuals who require less information respond more quickly but make more errors than those who require more information.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Processes not directly related to the response decision, such as stimulus encoding and motor preparation, influence final reaction time and must be modeled.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both samples, group differences in traditional RT variables were explained by slow information processing speed, and unrelated to speed-accuracy trade-offs or non-decisional processes (e.g. encoding, motor response).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“Diffusion model analyses, which separately estimate the impact of information processing speed/efficiency, speed-accuracy trade-offs, and non-decisional processes (e.g. encoding, motor response), here indicate that children with ADHD have slower/less efficient information processing speed, but do not differ from non-ADHD controls in their speed-accuracy trade-offs or non-decision times.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: In a diffusion model, information about a stimulus is accumulated via a noisy process until a decision criterion is met, at which point a response is initiated.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Participants in forced-choice tasks set criteria for how much information they require before committing to a response.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Individuals who require less information respond more quickly but make more errors than those who require more information.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Processes not directly related to the response decision, such as stimulus encoding and motor preparation, influence final reaction time and must be modeled.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but did not differ in either speed-accuracy trade-off setting or non-decision times (all p> 0.381)”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Task Performance Measures
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: In a diffusion model, information about a stimulus is accumulated via a noisy process until a decision criterion is met, at which point a response is initiated.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Participants in forced-choice tasks set criteria for how much information they require before committing to a response.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Individuals who require less information respond more quickly but make more errors than those who require more information.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Processes not directly related to the response decision, such as stimulus encoding and motor preparation, influence final reaction time and must be modeled.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, groups did not differ in their mean RTs (Table 2).”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Task Performance Measures
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A MANCOVA that included all three diffusion model parameters as between-groups measures, with age and estimated IQ as covariates, indicated significant between-group differences (F[5,164]= 8.17, p< .001).”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Task Performance Measures
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: In a diffusion model, information about a stimulus is accumulated via a noisy process until a decision criterion is met, at which point a response is initiated.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Participants in forced-choice tasks set criteria for how much information they require before committing to a response.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Individuals who require less information respond more quickly but make more errors than those who require more information.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Processes not directly related to the response decision, such as stimulus encoding and motor preparation, influence final reaction time and must be modeled.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Children with ADHD were less accurate (F[1, 168]= 17.93, p< .001, d = 0.65)”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Task Performance Measures
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but did not differ in either speed-accuracy trade-off setting or non-decision times (all p> 0.381)”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Task Performance Measures
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: In a diffusion model, information about a stimulus is accumulated via a noisy process until a decision criterion is met, at which point a response is initiated.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Participants in forced-choice tasks set criteria for how much information they require before committing to a response.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Individuals who require less information respond more quickly but make more errors than those who require more information.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Processes not directly related to the response decision, such as stimulus encoding and motor preparation, influence final reaction time and must be modeled.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“had more variable RTs (F[1, 168]= 25.67, p< .001, d = 0.78) than non-ADHD controls”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Task Performance Measures
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A MANCOVA that included the three diffusion model parameters as between-groups measures, with age and estimated IQ as covariates, indicated significant between-group differences (F[5,206]= 2.55, p= .029).”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Task Performance Measures
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: In a diffusion model, information about a stimulus is accumulated via a noisy process until a decision criterion is met, at which point a response is initiated.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Participants in forced-choice tasks set criteria for how much information they require before committing to a response.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Individuals who require less information respond more quickly but make more errors than those who require more information.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Processes not directly related to the response decision, such as stimulus encoding and motor preparation, influence final reaction time and must be modeled.
In the paper
“all of the CPTs included had rare targets (thus a small number of RTs) and used a single-choice RT paradigm”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Huang-Pollock et al., 2012
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both samples, subtypes did not significantly differ on any of the outcome variables (mean RT, standard deviation of RT, accuracy, or the three diffusion model parameters), and so subtypes were collapsed into a single ADHD group for all analyses reported below.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Methods > Statistical Analyses
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ADHD group also had a higher proportion of boys and a higher proportion of children meeting criteria for ODD than non-ADHD controls (all p < .005).”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Cohort #1
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants for whom the diffusion model was not able to adequately fit the data, as indicated by significant values for the Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic, would have been excluded from analyses; however, no participants needed to be excluded for this reason.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Methods > Statistical Analyses
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given well-known associations of age and IQ with speed and variability of RTs, results are reported with these covariates included.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Methods > Statistical Analyses
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Groups did not differ in age (p= .489)”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Cohort #1
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Diffusion models are well-validated and show strong convergent and divergent validity.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Voss et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Ratcliff, 2006
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The sample for the latter study was small, however, and so the confidence interval around the effect is large.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mulder et al., 2010
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ADHD group also had a higher proportion of boys and a higher proportion of children meeting criteria for ODD than non-ADHD controls (all p < .005).”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Cohort #1
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the size of the effects for the three ex-Gaussian parameters have not been directly compared, and it is not clear if the effect for τ is reliably larger than for μ and σ”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As noted above, these variables did not affect results reported.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Cohort #1
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Manipulations of stimulus quality uniquely influence drift rate and manipulations of motor response complexity uniquely influence non-decision time”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Voss et al., 2004
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“diffusion models have been developed to explain decision-making in forced-choice paradigms for which relatively rapid (~1 second) response decisions are required”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ratcliff & Rouder, 1998
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Anticipation RTs (those <150ms) were removed from the distribution because these outlier RTs negatively impact estimation of the diffusion parameters”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Methods > Statistical Analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vandekerckhove & Tuerlinckx, 2007
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“agreement ratings between the members of the diagnostic team were acceptable for ADHD diagnosis (both kappas > .75) and for other disorders with >5% base rate in the sample (all kappas >.70)”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Methods > Participants and Diagnostic Procedures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gender composition, parent-reported symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and medication status were also initially included as covariates to ensure they did not account for the results. However, none significantly contributed to the model (all p> .428) and so results reported are without these covariates.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Methods > Statistical Analyses
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“diagnoses were established via a multi-gate process. A parent/guardian and teacher completed standardized rating scales”
- Also stated in: § Participants and Diagnostic Procedures · plain
“The parent/guardian also completed a semi-structured clinical interview administered by a Master’s-level clinician who had achieved research reliability on the interview”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Methods > Participants and Diagnostic Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Achenbach & Rescorla, 1991
- Not checked yetcites Conners, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Kaufman et al., 1997
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § Participants and Diagnostic Procedures · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“because diffusion parameters estimates did not differ when stop+1 trials were included/excluded (all interactions with stop+1 trial presence were non-significant at p >.07, η2 < .03), the results reported are with the stop+1 trials included”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Methods > Statistical Analyses
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the processes responsible for slow and variable RTs in ADHD remain in need of further clarification.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Abstract > Conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, we conclude that speed-accuracy trade-off is not a primary explanation for ADHD-associated effects related to RT variability because robust group differences in variability were seen in the current study even in the absence of these trade-offs.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Within a diffusion model framework, drift rate is hypothesized to reflect signal:noise ratio in the neural networks supporting decision-making”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beck et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Ratcliff et al., 2003
- Not checked yetcites Heekeren et al., 2008
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Groups did not differ in their age or estimated IQs (all p> 0.10).”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Cohort #2
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the present results provide a clarification and, perhaps, a more robust parameter for use in modeling ADHD cognitive processing in future work, although direct comparison of the size of effects for diffusion, ex-Gaussian, and signal detection parameters will be needed.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes? Checkable: unclear✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, as noted earlier, the d′ parameter is vulnerable to artifact when error rates depart markedly from 50%, which is often the case in ADHD studies using cognitive tasks.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“DLPFC structural and functional differences are also associated with ADHD and with performance on tasks demanding cognitive control (for reviews see Bush, Valera, & Seidman, 2005; Paloyelis, Mehta, Kuntsi, & Asherson, 2007).”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bush, Valera, & Seidman, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Paloyelis, Mehta, Kuntsi, & Asherson, 2007
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Initial evidence from direct single-cell recordings in primates (Kim & Shadlen, 1999), as well as functional imaging studies (Heekeren, Marrett, Bandettini, & Ungerleider, 2004; Heekeren, Marrett, Ruff, Bandettini, & Ungerleider, 2006) and transcranial magnetic stimulation studies in human(Philiastides, et al., 2011), suggests that the DLPFC is involved in decision-making independent of stimulus”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kim & Shadlen, 1999
- Not checked yetcites Heekeren, Marrett, Bandettini, & Ungerleider, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Heekeren, Marrett, Ruff, Bandettini, & Ungerleider, 2006
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The only other study applying diffusion modeling in ADHD used a motion coherence paradigm and specifically manipulated stimulus discrimination difficulty to be equivalent across participants, thereby intentionally minimizing group differences in drift rate, preventing comparison with current results”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mulder et al., 2010
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ADHD group had a higher proportion of boys and a higher proportion of children meeting criteria for ODD than non-ADHD controls (all p < .007).”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Results > Cohort #2
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, because ex-Gaussian parameters lack clear cognitive interpretations, group differences in the upper tail are often interpreted as reflecting unique cognitive mechanisms from those affecting the mean of the distribution(Hervey, et al., 2006; Leth-Steensen, et al., 2000).”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hervey, et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Leth-Steensen, et al., 2000
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These between-cohort difference could not be explained by sample differences in demographic characteristics, such as age, estimated IQ, or income, but instead likely reflect unmeasured sampling variation or undetected procedural variations across sites.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion > Limitations
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, some of the evidence suggests that children with ADHD do not have baseline differences in their tendency to prioritize speed over accuracy, but are less able than non-ADHD controls to adjust speed-accuracy settings in different contexts (e.g., depending on instructional set).”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“while the speed-accuracy trade-off parameter has been associated with activation in the basal ganglia (Forstmann et al., 2008).”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Forstmann et al., 2008
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results also suggest a new phenotypic target for imaging analyses.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time, this suggests that estimation of the population effect of drift rate in ADHD will require additional samples.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion > Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, although based on our data it is possible that between-group differences in RT variability may be explained by slow drift rates, there may also be other factors contributing to increased standard deviation of RT in ADHD that the diffusion model does not address.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion > Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, only one parameter would be needed to address slow and variable RT in ADHD, simplifying neural and process models.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the demands of the stop task may change how motor preparatory processes are carried out, impacting non-decision times.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion > Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prior neuroscience studies lead us to infer that these results are consistent with ADHD-related findings in white matter integrity, as well as with functional imaging studies suggesting that children with ADHD showing an inability to suppress resting-state activation.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion > Conclusion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That, in turn, is conceptually related to neural signal:noise ratio.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, while the diffusion model may accurately produce parameter estimates when applied in the context of a stop task, it cannot answer questions about how the task context affects individual’s strategies for decision-making when applied to a single task.”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion > Limitations
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the current sample, results did not change when we removed all trials immediately following a stop trial, supporting our interpretation of parameters estimates from this task”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion > Limitations
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The diffusion model has been applied successfully to a wide range of tasks including the stop task, with consistently good fit to the data (Ratcliff & McKoon, 2008).”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ratcliff & McKoon, 2008
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, previous work in adults using the diffusion model suggests that individuals make strategic adjustments to their speed-accuracy trade-off settings on go trials to maximize their ability to inhibit responses on stop trials (Verbruggen & Logan, 2009).”
§ Decomposing ADHD-Related Effects in Response Speed and Variability > Discussion > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Verbruggen & Logan, 2009
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Mean and variability of reaction time are highly correlated.
“although mean and variability of RT are highly correlated”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In a diffusion model, information about a stimulus is accumulated via a noisy process until a decision criterion is met, at which point a response is initiated.
“a diffusion model assumes that information about a stimulus is accumulated via a noisy information accumulation process until a decision criterion is met, at which point a response is initiated”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Participants in forced-choice tasks set criteria for how much information they require before committing to a response.
“participants are assumed to set criteria for how much information they require to commit to either of the response options”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Individuals who require less information respond more quickly but make more errors than those who require more information.
“Individuals who require less information will respond more quickly but will also make more errors than those who require more information.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Processes not directly related to the response decision, such as stimulus encoding and motor preparation, influence final reaction time and must be modeled.
“processes that are not directly related to the response decision, such as stimulus encoding and motor preparation, also influence the final RT and so must be modeled”
The paper relies on this without support.
Traditional RT variables show broad patterns of association with structural and functional neuroimaging measures.
“Whereas traditional RT variables show broad patterns of association with structural and functional neuroimaging measures”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“As several studies have confirmed the variability of performance of ADHD participants on inhibitory tasks (Huang-Pollock et al., 2012; Karalunas et al., 2012; Mulder et al., 2010), our results may further validate the necessity for subgroup splitting.”
From Heterogeneity of executive function revealed by a functional random forest approach across ADHD and ASD (2020) · cites this paper as Karalunas et al., 2012
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Cohort 2 diffusion MANCOVA repeats the degrees-of-freedom mismatch
MinorThe two Cohort 2 MANCOVAs likewise have three outcomes and the same covariates, yet the diffusion test reports F[5,164] rather than degrees of freedom consistent with the traditional-measures test's F[3,166].
“A MANCOVA that included all three diffusion model parameters as between-groups measures, with age and estimated IQ as covariates, indicated significant between-group differences (F[5,164]= 8.17, p< .001).”
“A MANCOVA that included mean RT, standard deviation of RT, and percent accuracy as between-groups measures, with age and estimated IQ as covariates, indicated significant between-group differences on traditional task performance measures (F[3,166]= 11.40, p< .001).”
Citations
Cites
KAUFMAN, J., BIRMAHER, B., BRENT, D., RAO, U., FLYNN, C., MORECI, P., WILLIAMSON, D., & RYAN, N. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021 · Cited by 10,148
The Diffusion Decision Model: Theory and Data for Two-Choice Decision Tasks
Ratcliff, R., & McKoon, G. (2008) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco.2008.12-06-420 · Cited by 3,059
(1998) · Cited by 2,026
Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes
Castellanos, F. X., & Tannock, R. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn896 · Cited by 1,827 · cited 1×
“…aterm ark-text The prevalence of slow and variable RTs in the ADHD cognitive landscape has led some to suggest that these performance characteristics reflect important cognitive mechanisms in the disorder that could be linked to underlying neural dysfunction (Castellanos & Tannock, 2002).”
Modeling Response Times for Two-Choice Decisions
Ratcliff, R., & Rouder, J. N. (1998) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00067 · Cited by 1,478
Impulsivity and Inhibitory Control
Logan, G. D., Schachar, R. J., & Tannock, R. (1997) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00545.x · Cited by 1,471
The cognitive neuroscience of sustained attention: where top-down meets bottom-up.
Sarter, M., Givens, B., & Bruno, J. P. (2001) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(01)00044-3 · Cited by 1,194
On the ability to inhibit thought and action: A users' guide to the stop signal paradigm
Logan, G. D. (1994) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 1,115
Conners' rating scales-revised : technical manual
Conners, C. K. (1997) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,004
Neural correlates of a decision in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the macaque
Kim, J.-N., & Shadlen, M. N. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/5739 · Cited by 950
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Huang-Pollock CL Karalunas SL Tam H Moore AN in press Evaluating vigilance deficits in adhd: A meta-analysis of cpt performance Journal of Abnormal Psychology PMC3664643 22428793
- Karalunas SL Huang-Pollock CL (revise and resubmit) Integrating evidence of slow rts and impaired executive functions using a diffusion model framework Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology PMC3679296 23334775
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Karalunas, S. L., Fair, D., Musser, E. D., Aykes, K., Iyer, S. P., & Nigg, J. T. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.763 · Cited by 340
Self-citationRetractedKaralunas, S. L., Geurts, H. M., Konrad, K., Bender, S., & Nigg, J. T. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12217 · Cited by 278
Self-citationOstlund, B. D., Alperin, B. R., Drew, T., & Karalunas, S. L. (2021) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100931 · Cited by 159
Self-citationModel Complexity in Diffusion Modeling: Benefits of Making the Model More Parsimonious
Lerche, V., & Voß, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01324 · Cited by 146
Toward a revised nosology for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder heterogeneity
Nigg, J. T., Karalunas, S. L., Feczko, E., & Fair, D. A. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.02.005 · Cited by 132
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Karalunas, S. L., Huang-Pollock, C. L., & Nigg, J. T.
- Affiliations
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Venue
- Neuropsychology
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 684-694
- ISSN
- 0894-4105 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1559
- PMC
- PMC3516369
- OpenAlex
- W1967147115
- Semantic Scholar
- 08e95afb83ba840c4b6c76a89b083d16fb4c5c88
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 3.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (F32MH098632, R01MH059105, R01MH084947)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, reaction time, response variability, diffusion models, processing speed, speed-accuracy trade-off, stimulus encoding, motor response
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Models, Psychological, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Cohort Studies, Case-Control Studies
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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