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Examining the factor structures of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and the Self-Compassion Scale.
Open accessAbstract
The five facet mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ; Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Krietemeyer, & Toney, 2006) and the self-compassion scale (SCS; Neff, 2003) are widely used measures of mindfulness and self-compassion in mindfulness-based intervention research. The psychometric properties of the FFMQ and the SCS need to be independently replicated in community samples and relevant clinical samples to support their use. Our primary aim was to establish the factor structures of the FFMQ and SCS in individuals with recurrent depression in remission, since mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) was developed as a treatment for preventing depressive relapse. In order to determine the consistency across populations, we examined the factor structures of the FFMQ and SCS in 3 samples: (1) a convenience sample of adults, (2) a sample of adults who practice meditation, and (3) a sample of adults who suffer from recurrent depression and were recruited to take part in a trial of MBCT. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) showed that a 4-factor hierarchical model of the FFMQ best fits the community sample and the clinical sample but that a 5-factor hierarchical model of the FFMQ best fits the meditator sample. CFA did not endorse the SCS 6-factor hierarchical structure in any of the 3 samples. Clinicians and researchers should be aware of the psychometric properties of the FFMQ to measure mindfulness when comparing meditators and nonmeditators. Further research is needed to develop a more psychometrically robust measure of self-compassion.
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“Williams et al. (2014) suggested researchers avoid using total scores because the scale did not fit a one-factor structure”
From Effectiveness of Self-Compassion Related Therapies: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as Williams et al. (2014)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Both the FFMQ and FFMQ-SF have been validated primarily in samples of healthy adults, meditators, and depressive patients [20–26].”
From Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire—short form in cancer patients: a Bayesian structural equation modeling approach (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
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In the citing paper
“Williams, Dalgleish, Karl and Kuyken (2014) argued that the optimal factor structure varied depending on meditation experience, with a four-factor solution being preferred in samples without meditation experience.”
From Psychometric properties of acceptance measures: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as Williams, Dalgleish, Karl and Kuyken (2014)
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“While these two measures were used most often, there are a several of other measures that were commonly used, including the Five Facet Mindfulness Scale ( n = 8, 23.5%) , the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire ( n = 7, 20.6%), and the Personal Values Questionnaire ( n = 6, 17.6%) (Williams et al., 2014; Gillanders et al., 2013; Ciarrochi et al., 2006).”
From A Scoping Review of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Higher Education (2024) · cites this paper as Williams et al., 2014
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“skala ta jest jednak krytykowana, amożliwość generalizacji uzyskanej przez Neff struktury podawana jest wwątpliwość [25-27].”
From The Polish adaptation of the Self-Compassion Scale Short Form (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
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“The FFMQ has adequate psychometric properties, including high internal consistency (α = 0.77–0.93; Williams et al., 2014), and has been shown to be valid, reliable, and sensitive to change in clinical populations (Bohlmeijer et al., 2011).”
From Online mindfulness-enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety and depression: Outcomes of a pilot trial (2018) · cites this paper as Williams et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“There is controversy over these constructs and their measurement particularly the combining of negative and positive items as a single measure and construct [15, 74, 81, 90, 101, 120].”
From The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others (2017) · cites this paper as [120]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Williams, M. J., Dalgleish, T., Karl, A., & Kuyken, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Exeter (GB)
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (GB)
- Venue
- Psychological Assessment
- Published
- 2014-06
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 407-418
- ISSN
- 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-134X
- OpenAlex
- W2141236793
- Cited by
- 321
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 8
- FWCI
- 35.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health Research (08/56/01)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, Self-Compassion Scale, factor structure, mindfulness, self-compassion, recurrent depression, remission, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, meditation, psychometric properties, confirmatory factor analysis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Empathy, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Mindfulness
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