Early child–parent attachment and peer relations: A meta-analysis of recent research.
Abstract
A central tenet of Bowlby's attachment theory is that early child-caregiver attachment is reflected in the quality of the child's interpersonal relationships throughout life. Schneider, Atkinson, and Tardif (2001) conducted a meta-analysis of studies conducted up to 1998 to corroborate that contention. They found a significant but small to moderate effect size (r = .20). Their finding that studies of friendship bonds had higher effect sizes than studies of other interpersonal relationships has important theoretical ramifications. The present brief report is a meta-analysis that covers research conducted for the same purpose since 1998. The sample consists of 44 studies with a total of 8505 participants. The overall effect size r of .19 (adjusted r = .12; 95% confidence interval, .08-.17) in the current study was similar in magnitude to the effect size reported in the 2001 meta-analysis, documenting consistency in the predictive power of attachment theory. However, we failed to replicate the moderating effect of friendship. One possible explanation for these findings is that the friendships of school-age children and adolescents no longer invoke very high levels of intimacy. Effect sizes are higher in studies conducted outside North America than in U.S.--and Canada-based studies.
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Children who lack secure attachment to parents present less positive representations of self and others, including incompetence and distrust.
“On the contrary, children who lack a secure attachment to their parents present less positive representation of the self and others, including feelings of incompetence and distrust (Bowlby, 1969;Bretherton & Munholland, 1999;Pallini et al., 2014)”
From Social anxiety mediates the effect of attachment to parents on friendships and loneliness during the college transition (2023) · cites this paper as Pallini et al., 2014
Children whose needs for safety are met develop a secure attachment to parents characterized by more positive representations of self and others, including greater competence and trust.
“Children that have their needs for safety met consequently develop a secure attachment to their parents characterized by more positive representations of the self and others, including greater feelings of competence, and trust.”
From Social anxiety mediates the effect of attachment to parents on friendships and loneliness during the college transition (2023) · cites this paper as Pallini et al., 2014
According to Bowlby, the security of the child-caregiver attachment bond shapes subsequent relationships of the child.
“According to Bowlby, the security of the child-caregiver attachment bond shapes subsequent relationships of the child.”
From Social anxiety mediates the effect of attachment to parents on friendships and loneliness during the college transition (2023) · cites this paper as Pallini et al., 2014
A meta-analysis found support for the assumption that early child-parent attachment bonds are related to the child's subsequent relationships with peers.
“in their meta-analysis, found support for the assumption that early child-parent attachment bonds are related to the child´s subsequent relationships with peers.”
From Social anxiety mediates the effect of attachment to parents on friendships and loneliness during the college transition (2023) · cites this paper as Pallini et al., 2014
Early attachment bonds shape subsequent relationships.
“First, this research supports the theoretical proposition that early attachment bonds shape subsequent relationships.”
From Social anxiety mediates the effect of attachment to parents on friendships and loneliness during the college transition (2023) · cites this paper as Pallini et al., 2014
Early attachment security is related to later peer relationship quality, especially in middle childhood and adolescence.
“With regard to emotional security, relations are found between early attachment security and the quality of later peer relations, especially in middle childhood and adolescence (Pallini, Baiocco, Schneider, Madigan, & Atkinson, 2014; Schneider, Atkinson, & Tardiff, 2001).”
From Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process (2015) · cites this paper as Pallini, Baiocco, Schneider, Madigan, & Atkinson, 2014
Individuals who have a secure attachment with their parents had higher levels of psychological well-being.
“Numerous studies have also shown that individuals who have a secure attachment with their parents had higher levels of psychological well-being [36, 37].”
From Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem (2017) · cites this paper as [37]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Pallini, S., Baiocco, R., Schneider, B. H., Madigan, S., & Atkinson, L.
- Affiliations
- Roma Tre University (IT)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Toronto Metropolitan University (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Family Psychology
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 118-123
- ISSN
- 0893-3200 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1293
- OpenAlex
- W2024031344
- Cited by
- 258
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Family Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- Iris (Roma Tre University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- peer relationships, friendship, attachment theory, interpersonal relationships, intimacy, elementary school students, adolescents, cross-cultural comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Object Attachment, Parent-Child Relations, Peer Group
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