CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 39Child Abuse and TraumaIntimate Partner and Family ViolencePosttraumatic Stress Disorder Research

Childhood exposure to family violence and adult trauma symptoms: The importance of social support from a spouse.

Open access
Evans, Sarah E., Steel, Anne L., Watkins, Laura E., DiLillo, David·2014·Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy
DOI 10.1037/a0036940PMC PMC7467209
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

IPV and CPA. By contrast, women's trauma symptoms were unrelated to either positive or negative support from a spouse. These findings extend prior research by suggesting that, for men, day-to-day provisions of support from a spouse may play a key role in posttraumatic recovery.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/a0036940

Cites

7 of 7 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Other studies have failed to find significant associations between one person's childhood maltreatment and their partner's relationship satisfaction and trauma symptoms.

    “Conversely, other studies have failed to find significant associations between one person’s CM and their partner’s relationship satisfaction and trauma symptoms (Evans et al., 2014; Fritz et al., 2012; Georgia et al., 2018; Nguyen et al., 2017).”

    From Partner Effects of Childhood Maltreatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Evans et al., 2014

    The Results (Positive Support Received) report no significant partner effects on trauma symptoms, and the Discussion says partners’ childhood experiences were largely unrelated to spouses’ trauma symptoms. But the Discussion identifies an exception for men’s childhood IPV exposure and women’s trauma symptoms; the paper does not report relationship satisfaction as an outcome. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 45

  1. Andover MS, Zlotnick C, & Miller IW (2007). Childhood physical and sexual abuse in depressed patients with single and multiple suicide attempts. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 37(4), 467– 474. doi: 10.1521/suli.2007.37.4.467 17896886 · DOI
  2. Appel AE & Holden GW (1998). The co-occurrence of spouse and physical child abuse: A review and appraisal. Journal of Family Psychology, 12, 578– 599. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.12.4.578 · DOI
  3. Banyard VL, Williams LM, & Siegel JA (2004). Childhood sexual abuse: A gender perspective on context and consequences. Child Maltreatment, 9, 223– 238. doi: 10.1177/107755904266914 15245676 · DOI
  4. Becker KD, Stuewig J, & McCloskey LA (2010). Traumatic stress symptoms of women exposed to different forms of childhood victimization and intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(9), 1699– 1715. doi: 10.1177/0886260509354578 20040716 · DOI
  5. Belsher BE, Ruzek JI, Bongar B, & Cordova MJ (2012). Social constraints, posttraumatic cognitions, and posttraumatic stress disorder in treatment-seeking trauma survivors: Evidence for a social-cognitive processing model. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4(3), 386– 391. doi: 10.1037/a0024362 · DOI
  6. Bennett DS, Sullivan M, & Lewis M (2005). Young children’s adjustment as a function of maltreatment, shame, and anger. Child Maltreatment, 10, 311– 323. doi: 10.1177/1077559505278619 16204734 PMC1828211 · DOI
  7. Briere J, Elliott DM, Harris K, & Cotman A (1995). Trauma Symptom Inventory: Psychometrics and association with childhood and adult victimization in clinical samples. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10, 387– 401. doi: 10.1177/088626095010004001 · DOI
  8. Browne A, & Finkelhor D (1986). Impact of child sexual abuse: A review of the research. Psychological Bulletin, 18, 66– 77. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.66 3704036 · DOI
  9. Cohen S & McKay G (1984). Social support, stress, and the buffering hypothesis: A theoretical analysis In Baum A, Taylor SE, & Singer JE (Eds.), Handbook of psychology and health (pp. 253– 267). Hillsdale, NJ: 1984.
  10. Cutrona CE (1986). Behavioral manifestations of social support: A microanalytic investigation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 201– 208. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.51.1.201 3735068 · DOI
  11. Davies CA, DiLillo D, & Martinez IG (2004). Isolating adult psychological correlates of witnessing parental violence: Findings from a predominantly Latina sample. Journal of Family Violence, 19, 377– 385. doi: 10.1007/s10896-004-0682-9 · DOI
  12. Davila J, Bradbury TN, Cohan CL, & Tochluk S (1997). Marital functioning and depressive symptoms: Evidence for a stress generation model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 849– 861. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.73.4.849 9325596 · DOI
  13. DiLillo D, Hayes-Skelton S, Fortier MA, Perry AR, Evans SE, Messman-Moore TL, Walsh K, Nash C, & Fauchier A (2010). Development and initial psychometric properties of the Computer Assisted Maltreatment Inventory (CAMI): A comprehensive self-report measure of child maltreatment history. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 305– 317. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.09.015 20347148 · DOI
  14. DiLillo D, Peugh J, Walsh K, Panuzio J, Trask E, & Evans S (2009). Child maltreatment history among newlywed couples: A longitudinal study of marital outcomes and mediating pathways. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 680– 692. doi: 10.1037/a0015708 19634961 · DOI · Paper page
  15. Dumont KA, Widom CS, & Czaja SJ (2007). Predictors of resilience in abused and neglected children grown-up: The role of individual and neighborhood characteristics. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 255– 274. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.11.015 17386940 · DOI
  16. Evans SE, Steel AL, & DiLillo D (2013). Child maltreatment severity and adult trauma symptoms: Does perceived social support play a buffering role?. Child Abuse & Neglect, doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.03.005 PMC3758446 23623620 · DOI
  17. Feerick MM & Haugaard JJ (1999). Long-term effects of witnessing marital violence for women: The contribution of childhood physical and sexual abuse. Journal of Family Violence, 14, 377– 398. doi: 10.1023/A:1022882131610 · DOI
  18. Folger SF & Wright M (2013). Altering risk following child maltreatment: Family and friend support as protective factors. Journal of Family Violence. doi: 10.1007/s10896-013-95104 · DOI
  19. Gable SL, Gonzaga GC, & Strachman S (2006). Will you be there for me when things go right? Supportive responses to positive event disclosures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 904– 917. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.904 17059309 · DOI
  20. Haj-Yahia MM, Tishby O, & de Zoysa P (2009). Posttraumatic stress disorder among Sri Lankan university students as a consequence of their exposure to family violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24, 2018– 2038. doi: 10.1177/0886260508327699 19106201 · DOI
  21. Kashy DA, & Kenny DA (1999). The analysis of data from dyads and groups In Reis HT & Judd CM (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  22. Kenny DA (1996). Models of nonindependence in dyadic research. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 13, 279– 294. doi: 10.1177/0265407596132007 · DOI
  23. Knickerbocker L, Heyman RE, Slep A, Jouriles EN, & McDonald R (2007). Co-occurrence of child and partner maltreatment definitions, prevalence, theory, and implications for assessment. European Psychologist, 12, 36– 44. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040.12.1.36 · DOI
  24. Kulkarni MR, Graham-Bermann S, Rauch SM, & Seng J (2011). Witnessing versus experiencing direct violence in childhood as correlates of adulthood PTSD. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26, 1264– 1281. doi: 10.1177/0886260510368159 20495101 PMC4314106 · DOI
  25. Lang AJ, Stein MB, Kennedy CM, & Foy DW (2004). Adult psychopathology and intimate partner violence among survivors of childhood maltreatment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19, 1102– 1118. doi: 10.1177/0886260504269090 15358937 · DOI
  26. Lepore S (2001). A social-cognitive processing model of emotional adjustment to cancer In Baum A & Anderson BL (Eds.), Psychosocial interventions for cancer (pp. 99– 116). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  27. Lepore SJ, Ragan JD, & Jones S (2000). Talking facilitates cognitive–emotional processes of adaptation to an acute stressor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 499– 508. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.78.3.499 10743876 · DOI
  28. McDonald R, Jouriles EN, Ramisetty-Mikler S, Caetano R, & Green CE (2006). Estimating the number of American children living in partner-violent families. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 137– 142. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.20.1.137 16569098 · DOI
  29. Muthén LK, & Muthén BO (1998 –2010). Mplus User’s Guide. Sixth Edition Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
  30. Pasch LA & Bradbury TN (1998). Social support, conflict, and the development of marital dysfunction. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 219– 230. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.66.2.219 9583325 · DOI
  31. Pasch LA, Harris KW, Sullivan KT, & Bradbury TN (2004). The social support interaction coding system In Kerig P & Baucom D (Eds.), Couple observational coding systems (pp. 319– 334). New York: Guilford.
  32. Roberts AL, Gilman SE, Breslau JJ, Breslau NN, & Koenen KC (2011). Race/ethnic differences in exposure to traumatic events, development of post-traumatic stress disorder, and treatment-seeking for post-traumatic stress disorder in the United States. Psychological Medicine, 41, 71– 83. doi: 10.1017/S0033291710000401 20346193 PMC3097040 · DOI
  33. Salazar AM, Keller TE, & Courtney ME (2011). Understanding social support’s role in the relationship between maltreatment and depression in youth with foster care experience. Child Maltreatment, 16, 102– 113. doi: 10.1177/1077559511402985 21471145 PMC4099379 · DOI
  34. Silvern L, Karyl J, Waelde L, Hodges WF, Starek J, Heidt E, & Min K (1995). Retrospective reports of parental partner abuse: Relationships to depression, trauma symptoms and self-esteem among college students. Journal of Family Violence, 10, 177– 202. doi: 10.1007/BF02110599 · DOI
  35. Stuewig J & McCloskey LA (2005). The relation of child maltreatment to shame and guilt among adolescents: Psychological routes to depression and delinquency. Child Maltreatment, 10, 324– 336. doi: 10.1177/1077559505279308 16204735 · DOI
  36. Sullivan KT, Pasch LA, Eldridge KA, & Bradbury TN (1998). Social support in marriage: Translating research into practical applications for clinicians. Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 6, 263– 271. doi: 10.1177/1066480798064002 · DOI
  37. Sullivan KT, Pasch LA, Johnson MD, & Bradbury TN (2010). Social support, problem solving, and the longitudinal course of newlywed marriage. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 631– 644. doi: 10.1037/a0017578 20307134 · DOI
  38. Thoits PA (1986). Social support as coping assistance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 416– 423. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.54.4.416 3745593 · DOI
  39. Trickett PK, Noll JG, & Putnam FW (2011). The impact of sexual abuse on female development: Lessons from a multigenerational, longitudinal research study. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 453– 476. doi: 10.1017/S0954579411000174 23786689 PMC3693773 · DOI · Paper page
  40. Ullman SE (2007). Relationship to perpetrator, disclosure, social reactions, and PTSD symptoms in child sexual abuse survivors. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse: Research, Treatment, & Program Innovations for Victims, Survivors, & Offenders, 16, 19– 36. doi: 10.1300/J070v16n01_02 17255075 · DOI
  41. Verhofstadt LL, Buysse A, & Ickes W (2007). Social support in couples: An examination of gender differences using self-report and observational methods. Sex Roles, 57, 267– 282. doi: 10.1007/s11199-007-9257-6 · DOI
  42. Walen HR, & Lachman ME (2000). Social support and strain from partner, family, and friends: Costs and benefits for men and women in adulthood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27, 5– 30. doi: 10.1177/0265407500171001 · DOI
  43. Wilson LC & Scarpa A (2013). Childhood abuse, perceived social support, and posttraumatic stress symptoms: A moderation model. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. doi: 10.1037/a0032635 · DOI
  44. Xu Y & Burleson BR (2001). Effects of sex, culture, and support type on perceptions of spousal social support: An assessment of the ‘support gap’ hypothesis in early marriage. Human Communication Research, 27, 535– 566. doi: 10.1093/hcr/27.4.535 · DOI
  45. Yap MBH & Devilly GJ (2004). The role of perceived social support in crime victimization. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 1– 14. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2003.09.007 14992804 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Evans, S. E., Steel, A. L., Watkins, L. E., & DiLillo, D.
Affiliations
University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
ORCID
Venue
Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2014-09
Volume
6
Issue
5
Pages
527-536
ISSN
  • 1942-9681 (ISSN-L)
  • 1942-969X
DOI
10.1037/a0036940
PMC
PMC7467209
OpenAlex
W2154068048
Cited by
39
References
7
Citations by year
2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3
FWCI
3.16
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Lincoln (University of Nebraska) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute of Mental Health (K01 MH066365)
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (F31 HD058478)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
  • Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Keywords
intimate partner violence, child physical abuse, post-traumatic stress, social support, spousal support, gender differences

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review