Trajectories of individual depressive symptoms in adolescents: gender and family relationships as predictors
Open accessAbstract
Depressive syndrome and disorders increase substantially during adolescence. Little is known, however, about how individual symptoms of depression change over the course of this developmental period. The present study examined within-person changes in symptom severity of each individual symptom of depression, utilizing longitudinal data collected across 6 years of adolescence. Adolescent gender and family relationship variables were tested as predictors of the symptom trajectories (i.e., intercept and slope). Adolescents and their mothers (N = 240) were first evaluated when youth were in Grade 6 (M = 11.86 years old, SD = 0.56, 54% female) and then annually through Grade 12. Individual symptoms of depression were assessed by a clinical interviewer using the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R). Mothers and youth also completed measures about their relationship on the Children's Report of Parent Behavior Inventory and the Family Environment Scale. Results showed that all depressive symptoms increased linearly over time except psychomotor disturbances and problems with concentration and decision making, which were best represented by a quadratic growth model. Sex differences were found such that significantly more rapid increases in worthlessness/guilt were found for girls than boys, and concentration/decision making problems significantly changed for boys, but not girls. Poor family relationship quality (mother-reported) predicted a significantly faster rate of increase in adolescents' symptoms of anhedonia, appetite/weight changes, and fatigue. High maternal psychological control (youth-reported) also predicted a faster rate of increase in anhedonia. Study limitations, future research directions, and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
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Inconsistent or harsh discipline, parental over-control, higher levels of family conflict, and lower levels of family cohesion may foster higher levels of adolescent depressive symptoms.
“Kouros and Garber (2014) reviewed evidence that inconsistent or harsh discipline, parental over-control, higher levels of family conflict, and lower levels of family cohesion may foster higher levels of adolescent depressive symptoms.”
From A hope intervention for adolescents: a randomized controlled trial delivered by paraprofessionals (2025) · cites this paper as Kouros and Garber, 2014
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Miller, A. B., Eisenlohr-Moul, T., Giletta, M., Hastings, P. D., Rudolph, K. D., Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000210 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
A hope intervention for adolescents: a randomized controlled trial delivered by paraprofessionals
Scioli, A., MacPherson, N., Murphy, R., Gooding, T., Love, M., Lyons, K. D., & Adachi-Mejia, A. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1528504 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kouros, C. D., & Garber, J.
- Affiliations
- Southern Methodist University (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Venue
- Developmental Psychology
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2633-2643
- ISSN
- 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0599
- PMC
- PMC4591045
- OpenAlex
- W2333419725
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 5.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R29 MH454580, K02 MH66249, T32-MH18921)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P30HD15052)
- William T. Grant Foundation (1214-88, 173096)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- adolescent depression, depressive symptoms, symptom trajectories, within-person change, gender differences, mother-adolescent relationship, family relationships, maternal psychological control, anhedonia, quadratic growth model, longitudinal development
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Depression, Family Characteristics, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Predictive Value of Tests, Sex Characteristics, Parenting
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