Cited by 840Mental Health Treatment and AccessSocial and Intergroup PsychologyRacial and Ethnic Identity Research

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Structural stigma: Research evidence and implications for psychological science.

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Hatzenbuehler, Mark L.·2016·American Psychologist

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Abstract

Psychological research has provided essential insights into how stigma operates to disadvantage those who are targeted by it. At the same time, stigma research has been criticized for being too focused on the perceptions of stigmatized individuals and on microlevel interactions, rather than attending to structural forms of stigma. This article describes the relatively new field of research on structural stigma, which is defined as societal-level conditions, cultural norms, and institutional policies that constrain the opportunities, resources, and well-being of the stigmatized. I review emerging evidence that structural stigma related to mental illness and sexual orientation (a) exerts direct and synergistic effects on stigma processes that have long been the focus of psychological inquiry (e.g., concealment, rejection sensitivity), (b) serves as a contextual moderator of the efficacy of psychological interventions, and (c) contributes to numerous adverse health outcomes for members of stigmatized groups-ranging from dysregulated physiological stress responses to premature mortality-indicating that structural stigma represents an underrecognized mechanism producing health inequalities. Each of these pieces of evidence suggests that structural stigma is relevant to psychology and therefore deserves the attention of psychological scientists interested in understanding and ultimately reducing the negative effects of stigma. (PsycINFO Database Record

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RETRACTED: Structural stigma and all-cause mortality in sexual minority populations
Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Bellatorre, A. C., Lee, Y., Finch, B. K., Muennig, P. A., & Fiscella, K. A. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.005 · Cited by 340
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Hatzenbuehler ML Major B Dovidio JF Link BG Structural stigma and health. The Handbook of Stigma, Discrimination and Health Oxford University Press Oxford in press

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Authors: Hatzenbuehler, M. L.
Affiliations: Columbia University (US)
Corresponding author: Hatzenbuehler, Mark L.
ORCID: Hatzenbuehler, Mark L.
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2016-11
Volume: 71
Issue: 8
Pages: 742-751
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/amp0000068
PMC: PMC5172391
OpenAlex: W2561252048
Cited by: 839
References: 39
Citations by year: 2026: 116 · 2025: 168 · 2024: 105 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 124 · 2021: 105 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 1
FWCI: 33.19
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: other-oa
www.apa.org/pubs/journals/resources/open-access.aspx (am, 409 d)
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (K01DA032558)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Keywords: structural stigma, mental health stigma, sexual orientation stigma, concealment, rejection sensitivity, psychological intervention, health disparities, physiological stress response, premature mortality, institutional policy, cultural norms
MeSH terms: Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Psychology, Sexual Behavior, Stereotyping, Stress, Psychological, Social Stigma

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Structural stigma: Research evidence and implications for psychological science.

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