The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Interventions for suicide and self-injury: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials across nearly 50 years of research.
Abstract
Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs) are major public health concerns impacting a wide range of individuals and communities. Despite major efforts to develop and refine treatments to reduce SITBs, the efficacy of SITB interventions remains unclear. To provide a comprehensive summary of SITB treatment efficacy, we conducted a meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have attempted to reduce SITBs. A total of 591 published articles from 1,125 unique RCTs with 3,458 effect sizes from the past 50 years were included. The random-effects meta-analysis yielded surprising findings: The overall intervention effects were small across all SITB outcomes; despite a near-exponential increase in the number of RCTs across five decades, intervention efficacy has not improved; all SITB interventions produced similarly small effects, and no intervention appeared significantly and consistently stronger than others; the overall small intervention effects were largely maintained at follow-up assessments; efficacy was similar across age groups, though effects were slightly weaker for child/adolescent populations and few studies focused on older adults; and major sample and study characteristics (e.g., control group type, treatment target, sample size, intervention length) did not consistently moderate treatment efficacy. This meta-analysis suggests that fundamental changes are needed to facilitate progress in SITB intervention efficacy. In particular, powerful interventions target the necessary causes of pathology, but little is known about SITB causes (vs. SITB correlates and risk factors). The field would accordingly benefit from the prioritization of research that aims to identify and target common necessary causes of SITBs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In a review of all published RCTs targeted at reducing suicidal thoughts and behaviors, DBT showed a small treatment effect for self-harm, but had no effect on suicidal ideation (Fox et al., 2020).”
From Efficacy of dialectical behavior therapy for adolescent self-harm and suicidal ideation: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Fox et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“In a review of all published RCTs targeted at reducing suicidal thoughts and behaviors, DBT showed a small treatment effect for self-harm, but had no effect on suicidal ideation (Fox et al., 2020).”
From Efficacy of dialectical behavior therapy for adolescent self-harm and suicidal ideation: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Fox et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“A growing body of research demonstrates that therapeutic interventions for self-harm and suicidal ideation in general show limited efficacy (Fox et al., 2020; Kothgassner et al., 2020), highlighting the importance of isolating specific therapies which show promise for further development.”
From Efficacy of dialectical behavior therapy for adolescent self-harm and suicidal ideation: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Fox et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“Until recently, standard treatment of suicidality consisted of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), and/or medication, but all showed limited effects on suicidality [11, 13, 14].”
Citations
Cites
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
R Core Team (2000) · doi:10.32614/r.manuals · Cited by 355,893
Statistical Aspects of the Analysis of Data From Retrospective Studies of Disease
(1959) · JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/22.4.719 · Cited by 14,689 · cited 1×
“…to the inverse variance methods, we also considered other less commonly used methods that were deemed to be well suited for outcomes with rare events, such as the Peto method (Bradburn, Deeks, Berlin, & Russell Localio, 2007) and the Mantel Haenszel method (Lane, 2013; Mantel & Haenszel, 1959).”
MethodRisk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A meta-analysis of 50 years of research
Franklin, J. C., Ribeiro, J. D., Fox, K. R., Bentley, K. H., Kleiman, E. M., Huang, X., Musacchio, K. M., Jaroszewski, A. C., Chang, B. P., & Nock, M. K. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000084 · Cited by 3,784
Self-citationJoiner, T. E. (2007) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctvjghv2f · Cited by 2,891
Suicide Prevention Strategies: A Systematic Review
Mann, J. J., Apter, A., Bertolote, J., Beautrais, A., Currier, D., Haas, A., Hegerl, U., Lonnqvist, J., Malone, K., Marusic, A., et al. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.16.2064 · Cited by 2,852
Swannell, S. V., Martin, G. E., Page, A., Hasking, P., & St John, N. J. (2014) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12070 · Cited by 1,624
A Functional Approach to the Assessment of Self-Mutilative Behavior.
Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.5.885 · Cited by 1,564
Much ado about nothing: a comparison of the performance of meta-analytical methods with rare events
Bradburn, M. J., Deeks, J. J., Berlin, J. A., & Russell Localio, A. (2007) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.2528 · Cited by 938
A randomized controlled trial of postcrisis suicide prevention.
Motto, J. A., & Bostrom, A. G. (2001) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.52.6.828 · Cited by 517
Baastrup, P. C., Poulsen, J. C., Schou, M., Thomsen, K., & Amdisen, A. (1970) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(70)92870-9 · Cited by 503
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kothgassner, O. D., Goreis, A., Robinson, K., Huscsava, M. M., Schmahl, C., & Plener, P. L. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721001355 · Cited by 288
Suicide behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic: A meta-analysis of 54 studies
Dubé, J. P., Smith, M. M., Sherry, S., Hewitt, P. L., & Stewart, S. H. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113998 · Cited by 312
Van Meter, A. R., Knowles, E. A., & Mintz, E. H. (2023) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.867 · Cited by 193
Coppersmith, D. D. L., Dempsey, W., Kleiman, E. M., Bentley, K. H., Murphy, S. A., & Nock, M. K. (2022) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.2022.2092828 · Cited by 136
Disclosure of suicidal ideation and behaviours: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence
Hallford, D. J., Rusanov, D., Winestone, B., Kaplan, R., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., & Melvin, G. (2023) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102272 · Cited by 117
Metadata
- Authors
- Fox, K. R., Huang, X., Guzmán, E. M., Funsch, K. M., Cha, C. B., Ribeiro, J. D., & Franklin, J. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Denver (US)
- Florida State University (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 146
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1117-1145
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W3094828322
- Cited by
- 351
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 2.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- self-injurious thoughts and behaviors, suicide, treatment efficacy, intervention effects, follow-up maintenance, age differences in treatment response, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Suicide Prevention, Antidepressive Agents, Crisis Intervention, Electroconvulsive Therapy, Hospitalization, Humans, Peer Group, Psychosurgery, Risk Factors, Social Support, Antipsychotic Agents, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Self-Injurious Behavior, Suicidal Ideation, Psychotherapy, Psychodynamic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
