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Which student and instructional variables are most strongly related to academic motivation in K-12 education? A systematic review of meta-analyses
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The gap persists amid inconsistencies in findings and a lack of robust theoretical perspectives.
“This gap persists amid inconsistencies in findings [16] and a lack of robust theoretical perspectives [18,19].”
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Theories of Motivation in Education: an Integrative Framework
Urhahne, D., & Wijnia, L. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09767-9 · Cited by 618
“25, 94030 Passau, Germany 2 Open Universiteit, Heerlen, the Netherlands Educational Psychology Review (2023) 35:45 1 3 45 Page 2 of 35 (Eccles et al., 1998; T. Jansen et al., 2022).”
Automated feedback and writing: a multi-level meta-analysis of effects on students' performance
Fleckenstein, J., Liebenow, L. W., & Meyer, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2023.1162454 · Cited by 145
Self-citationKing, R. B., Haw, J. Y., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2024.101978 · Cited by 71
“Past studies have primarily focused on proximal contexts such as the classroom or school setting (Jansen et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2020; Wentzel, 2021, 2022).”
Achievement Goals: A Social Influence Cycle
Butera, F., Dompnier, B., & Darnon, C. (2023) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-013123-102139 · Cited by 63
The Intersection of the Peer Ecology and Teacher Practices for Student Motivation in the Classroom
Kilday, J. E., & Ryan, A. M. (2022) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-022-09712-2 · Cited by 54
“Affective aspects of teacher-student relationships can be characterized by feelings of warmth, empathy, caring, liking, or generally positive social interactions, whereas instructional support includes strategies that promote higher order thinking, consistency and clarity of expectations, promoting autonomy, or design…”
BackgroundIntegrating Motivation and Instruction: Towards a Unified Approach in Educational Psychology
Martin, A. J. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09774-w · Cited by 75
“Motivation and instruction represent two major substantive domains in educational psychology (Jansen et al., 2022).”
BackgroundMeyer, J., Jansen, T., & Fleckenstein, J. (2025) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2025.102363 · Cited by 35
Self-citationFrom Task Motivation to L2 Learning: Understanding Links through Learners' Task Engagement
Hiver, P. V., & Dao, P. (2025) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/tesq.3410 · Cited by 34
“…for success can be enhanced through interactive tasks designed with an achievable challenge, providing learners with early mastery experiences that build domain-specific competence, and evaluating learners’ task performance based on their effort (Jansen, Meyer, Wigfield, & M € oller, 2022).”
Variables influencing students' learning motivation: critical literature review
Ishida, A., & Sekiyama, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1445011 · Cited by 25
Roorda, D. L., & Jak, S. (2024) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2024.101363 · Cited by 23
Wild, S., Rahn, S., & Meyer, T. (2023) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-023-10050-1 · Cited by 28
“…argued that admin - istrative (or institutional) data should be used to support research concerning university students (Fredricks et al., 2019 ; Jansen et al., 2022 ), because most research is under - taken within the field of school research (Frenzel et al., 2010; Lazarides et al., 2019 ;…”
Students’ Motivation in an Online and a Face-To-Face Semester
Bosch, E., & Spinath, B. (2023) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000519 · Cited by 24
Wild, S., Rahn, S., & Meyer, T. (2023) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-022-00671-4 · Cited by 24
“Furthermore, socioeconomic status (SES) would be a worth control variable due to its effects on motivation (Jansen et al., 2022; Tucker-Drob et al., 2012), achievement (Sirin, 2005; Steinmayr et al., 2012; Tucker-Drob & Harden, 2012), and dropout (Müller & Klein, 2022; Mϋller & Schneider, 2013).”
BackgroundMøller, J. (2024) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-024-09918-6 · Cited by 23
“Whereas, e.g., meta-analyses or systematic reviews (see Alexander, 2020; Schneider & Preckel, 2017; Jansen et al., 2022) are restricted to studies sharing similar variables, a review of a theory can open up perspectives and include research that does not have to meet strict inclusion requirements…”
Self-citationWang, Y., King, R. B., Fu, L., & Leung, S. O. (2023) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-023-10232-6 · Cited by 17
“Motivation is broadly defined as the driving force for individuals’ actions (Jansen et al., 2022).”
Halidu, M. D., & Kotera, Y. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13092547 · Cited by 22
“This gap persists amid inconsistencies in findings [16] and a lack of robust theoretical perspectives [18,19].”
Backgroundasadpour, M., Bakhshi, M. H., Mirzapour, P., & Shahabi, M. (2025) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-025-01039-0 · Cited by 40
“…2024; Thoonen et al., 2011), parents (Özyıldırım, 2024), peers (Kindermann, 2016), and the learning environment (Havidz & Mujakiah, 2023; Schweder & Raufelder, 2024), numerous studies indicate that teacher-related variables are among the most influential (Jansen et al., 2022; Yilmaz et al., 2017).”
InfluentialKatsantonis, I., McLellan, R., & Torres, P. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1124189 · Cited by 14
“Among the many teaching strategies documented in the literature, feedback practices seem to be powerfully related to students’ academic motivation (Hattie and Timperley, 2007; Jansen et al., 2022) and achievement (Hattie and Timperley, 2007; Wisniewski et al.”
BackgroundThe effect of augmented reality on K-12 students’ motivation: a meta-analysis
Na, H., & Yun, S. (2024) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-024-10385-7 · Cited by 27
“Broadly, motivation can be defined as the energy behind individuals’ actions (Jansen et al., 2022).”
Looney, L., Wong, E. H., Rosales, K. P., Bacon, J. M., & Wiest, D. J. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14010089 · Cited by 16
Capturing students’ LMS experience: measurement invariance across Chinese and English versions
Jiang, J., Simon, P. D., & Fryer, L. K. (2024) · Journal of Computing in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s12528-024-09402-8 · Cited by 15
“Although a review of existing meta-analyses found medium mean effect sizes of technology use on academic motivation (see review by Jansen et al., 2022), there is a need to update the literature to keep up with the pandemic-induced shift to more online technologies in education.”
“Can (A)I do this task?” The role of AI as a socializer of students' self-beliefs of their abilities
Jansen, T., Meyer, J., Fleckenstein, J., Wigfield, A., & Møller, J. (2025) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2025.102731 · Cited by 13
Self-citationTeacher-Student Relationships and Student Outcomes: A Systematic Second-Order Meta-Analytic ReviewPreprint
Emslander, V., Holzberger, D., Ofstad, S. B., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/qxntb · Cited by 9
Dillard, J., Sadek, K., & Muenks, K. M. (2023) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2023.2215169 · Cited by 7
“Decades of research have demonstrated the important role of teachers in students ’ motivation, learning, and performance (e.g., Hornstra et al., 2021; Jansen et al., 2022).”
BackgroundJiang, J., Goepel, G., Crolla, K., & Fryer, L. K. (2024) · Advanced Engineering Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.aei.2024.102744 · Cited by 13
Avcı, S., Özgenel, M., & Avcu, A. (2025) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-025-09431-3 · Cited by 10
“Students’ motivation for school tasks tends to decrease in later grades throughout their educational careers (Jansen et al., 2022).”
Burbidge, A., Zhu, S., Cheung, S. H., & Oyserman, D. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0308376 · Cited by 7
“Existing meta-analyses include an array of operationalizations of the self, including self-concept, self-efficacy, self-esteem, expectancy-value, among others and include an array of operationalizations of achievement [3–5].”
BackgroundSubjektive Fortbildungsbedarfe von Lehrkräften an Schulen in herausfordernden Lagen
Weber, K. E., Hawlitschek, P., Richter, D., & Klusmann, U. (2023) · Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s11618-023-01208-1 · Cited by 6
“…sind Lehrkräfte sowie das Unterrichtsgeschehen enger mit den Leistungen und der Motivation der Schülerinnen und Schüler stärker assoziiert (Hattie 2008; Jansen et al. 2022) und dies gilt im besonderem Maße für Schülerinnen und Schüler an Schulen in herausfordernden Lagen (Nye et al. 2004).”
Enhancing undergraduate research talents: the role of tutors in dental basic research education
Miao, X., Chen, X., Li, J., Wu, Z. B., Guo, L., Luo, S., Luo, T., & Yang, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1323183 · Cited by 7
“The attitudes and teaching methodologies of instructors are closely linked to shaping students’ levels of motivation (18).”
BackgroundZhang, F., Zhang, X., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23474 · Cited by 6
Robinson, K. A., & Johnson, C. D. (2025) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2025.102732 · Cited by 5
Barnes, M. A., Clemens, N. H., Simmons, D. C., Hall, C., Fogarty, M., Martinez‐Lincoln, A., Vaughn, S. R., Simmons, L. E., Fall, A., & Roberts, G. (2024) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2024.2331517 · Cited by 5
“Positive teacher-student relationships, teacher support, and the type of feedback provided to students have the strongest associations with student academic motivation (Jansen et al., 2022).”
BackgroundTeaching to the test: Unraveling the consequences for student motivation
Muth, J., & Lüftenegger, M. (2025) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2025.102707 · Cited by 8
Beden eğitimi dersine katılım motivasyonu ve derse katılımdaki engeller
NAMLI, S., Demir, G. T., & Doğangün, A. (2024) · Herkes için Spor ve Rekreasyon Dergisi · doi:10.56639/jsar.1581772 · Cited by 3
Vayısoğlu, S. K., & Öncü, E. (2025) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-025-03067-2 · Cited by 3
Sozioemotionale Charakteristika und Bildung
Becker, M. (2024) · Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s11618-024-01217-8 · Cited by 4
Asbury, K., Carstensen, B., & Klusmann, U. (2025) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.70019 · Cited by 6
“Teachers have a substantial effect on student learning and motivation (e.g., Hattie, 2023; Jansen et al., 2022).”
Supporting Self-Assessment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Feedback EffectsPreprint
Liebenow, L. W., Schmidt, F. T. C., Meyer, J., Panadero, E., & Fleckenstein, J. (2024) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/k94eq · Cited by 4
Self-citationA psychological platform for GenAI and human co-piloting in education
Fryer, L. K. (2025) · Frontline Learning Research · doi:10.14786/flr.v13i1.1523 · Cited by 4
Hazan‐Liran, B., & Walter, O. (2025) · European Journal of Special Needs Education · doi:10.1080/08856257.2025.2549574 · Cited by 3
“Jansen et al. (2022) demonstrated children with ADHD report higher levels of perceived social rejection, exacerbating negative self-perceptions.”
Hausen, J. E., Møller, J., Greiff, S., & Niepel, C. (2023) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2023.102199 · Cited by 2
Self-citationVassiloudis, I., & Chalda, V. (2024) · Pedagogical Research · doi:10.29333/pr/14423 · Cited by 2
“A wide body of research demonstrate the correlation between students ’ motivation and students ’ learning (Eccles & Wigfield, 2002; Howard et al., 2021; Jansen et al., 2022; Lemos & Veríssimo, 2013; Steinmayr et al., 2019; Steinmayer & Spinath, 2009).”
BackgroundChernikova, O., Jansen, T., Sailer, M., & Greiff, S. (2024) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102468 · Cited by 2
Self-citationZhang, D., Yang, L., Yan, Z., Lee, J. C., & Chan, K. (2025) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2025.2470829 · Cited by 5
Emotional Neuroscience and Academic Achievement: Current Trends and Perspectives
Aroutzidis, A., & Antonopoulou, H. (2025) · Technium Social Sciences Journal · doi:10.47577/tssj.v67i1.11971 · Cited by 1
Multidimensional Optimization of Chinese Online K12 Education Platforms Based on AHP-CRITIC
Li, L. (2025) · Asia-pacific Journal of Convergent Research Interchange · doi:10.47116/apjcri.2025.06.21 · Cited by 1
L2 Learning and academic self-concept: The role of dimensional comparisons
Møller, J., Arens, A. K., & Niepel, C. (2025) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.48244 · Cited by 1
Self-citationA Cultural Explanation of Motivation-Achievement Paradox in Math
Hu, X., Guo, J., King, R. B., & Leung, F. (2025) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x251370677 · Cited by 1
Brown, C. P., & McKenzie, L. C. (2025) · Early Childhood Education Journal · doi:10.1007/s10643-025-02057-9 · Cited by 1
An integrative model of personal goal pursuit
Milyavskaya, M., & Werner, K. M. (2026) · Advances in motivation science · doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2026.02.003 · Cited by 3
Student perceptions of teacher messages about the value of science in the classroom
Putwain, D. W., Mallaburn, A., & Gaspard, H. (2026) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2026.102365 · Cited by 1
Hornstra, L., Poorthuis, A. M. G., Boer, I., & Bloem, J. (2026) · School Effectiveness and School Improvement · doi:10.1080/09243453.2026.2651528 · Cited by 1
A psychological platform for chatbot and human co-piloting in educationPreprint
Fryer, L. K. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/dqxp4 · Cited by 1
Ali, H., Malik, M. S., & Anjum, M. A. (2023) · Review of Education Administration and Law · doi:10.47067/real.v6i2.319
“Similarly, high-flying phase of business decision generate an out-class atmosphere for other market investors to eradicate risk aversion (Jansen, 2022).”
BackgroundSchiller, E.-M., Silkenbeumer, J. R., Gwiasda, A., & Kärtner, J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-66550-3_2
ПАГАВА, О. (2024) · Humanities science current issues · doi:10.24919/2308-4863/73-2-37
The Future of Motivational Research:
Nakaya, M., Toyama, M., OIKAWA, M., Murayama, K., Okada, R., IKEDA, H., KAGE, M., & Kakuyama, T. (2024) · The Annual Report of Educational Psychology in Japan · doi:10.5926/arepj.63.288
Wild, S., & Kunina‐Habenicht, O. (2024) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-024-00913-7 · Cited by 2
“There is a need for deeper analyses in this research field (Jansen et al., 2022; Xu et al., 2021) and for the use of more objective administrative (or institutional) data (Fredricks et al., 2019) to reduce measurement errors and social desirability bias.”
Wong, Z. Y., Tan, S. H., Liem, G. A. D., Chan, M. C. Y., Liu, W. C., Poon, K. K., Kang, T., & Ng, S. C. (2025) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2025.2529996
“Overall, these findings not only underscored the significance of teachers in shaping students’ academic motivation (Jansen et al., 2022) but also echoed prior research (Bureau et al., 2022; Li et al., 2018), which indicated that teacher autonomy support held greater importance compared to parent…”
Only “genuine” mastery goals lead to academic performance through effort and interest
Dompnier, B., Smeding, A., Meier, E., Darnon, C., Baumberger, B., & Butera, F. (2025) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-025-10184-4
Fouladvand, A., Arabzadeh, M., & SHEIKHLARABADI, J. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8464178/v1
Depression and self-esteem as key factors related to academic motivation in university students
Majauskienė, D., Istomina, N., Valančienė, D., Dadelienė, R., Šidlauskienė, A., Aukštikalnis, T., Jamontaitė, I. E., Strazdaite, E., Žilinskienė, R., Gintilienė, M., et al. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-26172-9
“Other studies also demonstrate that academic motivation is highly dependent on students’ perceptions of their competence to learn [12].”
Wild, S., Kunina‐Habenicht, O., & von Keyserlingk, L. (2026) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-026-10193-x
“However, there is empirical evidence from meta-analysis for associations between students’ social background variables and motivation in general (Jansen et al., 2022 ).”
Active and Engaging Learning From a Classroom Management Perspective
Divoll, K. (2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80592-825-620261002
Ogundare, S. A., Abidoye, J. A., O., A. V., & I., A. M. (2026) · International Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities · doi:10.58885/ijssh.v11i1.76.osa20
Putwain, D. W., & Nicholson, L. J. (2026) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.70074 · Cited by 3
“…to invest more time and energy into behaviours aimed at overcoming educational challenges (e.g., effort, persistence), utilize more effective learning strategies (e.g., elaboration, retrieval practise) and experience emotions (e.g., enjoyment) known to assist achievement (Jansen et al., 2022).”
Jansen, T., Liebenow, L. W., Schaller, N.-J., Hattie, J., & Møller, J. (2026) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-026-10136-5 · Cited by 2
Self-citationPeñate, M. U., Garcia, A., Herrera, R. A., Higuerey-Gómez, A. A., Llanez, E. R. I., Michele, P., Rojas, B., & Duque, D. (2025) · e3 · doi:10.29073/e3.v12i3.1138
Mohammad, N., & Antao, M. A. (2026) · Journal of Education and Academic Settings · doi:10.62596/70zj3n02
Effective Teaching Practices and Academic Motivation: A Multi-Institutional Longitudinal Study
Loes, C. N. (2026) · Teaching & Learning Inquiry The ISSOTL Journal · doi:10.20343/teachlearninqu.14.28
“Although substantial evidence links effective teaching practices to academic motivation at the primary and secondary levels of education, fewer studies have explored this relationship at the tertiary level (Jansen, Meyer, Wigfield, and Möller 2022).”
Kusumawati, E. A., Prasetyo, W. E., & Salhah, I. (2026) · HAMKA INSIGHT · doi:10.51574/hamka.v6i1.172
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Li, J., Lu, C. A., Tang, C., & Hodges, G. W. (2026) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--59298
Instructional quality and motivation in higher education
Runge, I., Rubach, C., von Keyserlingk, L., Lazarides, R., Simpkins, S. D., Eccles, J. S., & Arum, R. (2026) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-026-10278-7
Hakulinen, C. A., Gutvilig, M., Niemi, R., ALHO, J. S., Suokas, K., Böckerman, P., Elovainio, M. J., & Komulainen, K. (2026) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291726105637
How learning environments shape science achievement: evidence from PISA 2022
Afari, E., Khine, M. S., & Al-Kubaisi, H. (2026) · Education Innovations Systems and Future Learning · doi:10.1108/eisfl-05-2026-0068
Metadata
- Authors
- Jansen, T., Meyer, J., Wigfield, A., & Möller, J.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2022-01
- Volume
- 148
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 1-26
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W4285175221
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 13.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
- Keywords
- academic motivation, K-12 education, student variables, instructional variables, predictors of motivation
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