The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Construct validity in psychological tests.
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Cronbach, L. J.; Meehl, Paul E.. (1956). Construct validity in psychological tests. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/184279.
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“The second issue is the validity of ToM evaluations: ToM evaluations may fail to measure the underlying psychological construct that they are designed to measure [53,54].”
From Re-evaluating Theory of Mind evaluation in large language models (2025) · cites this paper as [53]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“This is fundamentally a construct-validity problem: neighboring measures should support distinct interpretations within a nomological network rather than be treated as interchangeable indicators (Cronbach and Meehl, 1955; Messick, 1995).”
From Beyond checking: verification quality, reliance calibration, and learning in generative AI-assisted higher education (2026) · cites this paper as Cronbach and Meehl, 1955
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“To ensure sound methodology, we followed best practice guidelines for the scale development (see e.g., Boateng et al., 2018;Cronbach & Meehl, 1955) which typically include steps of item generation, scale construction, and scale evaluation.”
From Development and Validation of a Basic Psychological Needs Scale for Technology Use (2024) · cites this paper as Cronbach & Meehl, 1955
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“This work contributes to the building of a nomological net (Cronbach and Meehl 1955) for a more nuanced conceptualization of religious belief and belonging by attending to meaning-making and its developmental progression within context-specific applications.”
From A Reframing of Meaning-Making and Its Measurement Among Emerging Adults (2025) · cites this paper as Cronbach and Meehl 1955
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Citations
Cites
Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931
Self-citationEssentials of Psychological Testing
Rosner, B., & Cronbach, L. J. (1960) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1419921 · Cited by 4,524
Self-citationHandbook of Experimental Psychology
(1952) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1952.02930050088038 · Cited by 2,276
Processes affecting scores on "understanding of others" and "assumed similarity."
Cronbach, L. J. (1955) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0044919 · Cited by 1,390
Self-citationAntecedent probability and the efficiency of psychometric signs, patterns, or cutting scores.
Meehl, P. E., & ROSEN, A. P. (1955) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0048070 · Cited by 1,227
Self-citationOn a distinction between hypothetical constructs and intervening variables.
Maccorquodale, K., & Meehl, P. (1948) · Psychology Review · doi:10.1037/h0056029 · Cited by 1,035
Self-citationFundamentals of Concept Formation in Empirical Science
Hempel, C. G. (1952) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 871
Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology
Carnap, R. (2011) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400838684-018 · Cited by 816
Further Evidence on Response Sets and Test Design
Cronbach, L. J. (1950) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316445001000101 · Cited by 748
Self-citationFoundations of Logic and Mathematics.
N., E., & Carnap, R. (1939) · The Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.2307/2017421 · Cited by 445
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- [6]6. Braithwaite, R. B. Scientific Explamtion. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1953.
- [9]9. Child, I. L. "Personality," Annual Review of Psychology, 5: 149-71 ( 1954).
- [16]16. Cureton, E. E. "Validity," in E. F. Lindquist (ed.). Educational Measurement, pp. 62 1-95. Washington, D . C. : Amer. Council on Education, 1950.
- [20]20. F'eigl, H. "Confim1ability and Confim1ation," Revue Internationale de Philoso- phic, 5: 1-12 (1<)51). Reprinted in P. P. Wiener (ed.), Readings in Pbilosopliy of Science, pp. 522-30. New York: Scribner's, 1953.
- [38]38. Kneale, W. Probabilit)' and Induction. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1949. Pages 92-l IO reprinted as " Induction, Explanation, and Transcendent Hypotheses," in H. Feig! and M. Brodbeck (eds.), Readings in t11e Pliilosopl1y of Science, pp. 353-67. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1953.
- [41]41. MacCorquodale, K., and P. E. Meelil. "On a Distinction Detween Ilypotl1etical Constrncts and Intervening Variables," Psychological Review, 5 5: 95-107 ( 1948).
- [43]43. McKinley, J. C., and S. R. Hathaway. "The MMPI : V. Hysteria, H ypomania, and Psychopathic Deviate," Journal of Applied Psychology, 28:153-71 (19H).
- [53]53. Peak, Helen. "Problems of Objective Observation," in L . Festinger :md D. Katz (eels.), Researcl1 M ethods in the Bel1avioral Sciences, pp. 243-300. New York: Dryclc11, 1953.
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Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411 · Cited by 41,941
Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0046016 · Cited by 17,116
Toward an experimental ecology of human development.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.32.7.513 · Cited by 10,853
The Construct of Resilience: A Critical Evaluation and Guidelines for Future Work
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00164 · Cited by 9,381
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1955-07
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 281-302
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W1964218847
- Cited by
- 11,195
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 487 · 2025: 408 · 2024: 463 · 2023: 491 · 2022: 496 · 2021: 581 · 2020: 545 · 2019: 496 · 2018: 452 · 2017: 443 · 2016: 438 · 2015: 427 · 2014: 396 · 2013: 380 · 2012: 354
- FWCI
- 33.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › General Psychology › Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology
- Keywords
- construct validity, psychological tests, test validity, psychometrics, measurement theory
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Psychological Tests
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