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Construct validity in psychological tests.
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Cronbach, L. J.; Meehl, Paul E.. (1956). Construct validity in psychological tests. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/184279.
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“The second issue is the validity of ToM evaluations: ToM evaluations may fail to measure the underlying psychological construct that they are designed to measure [53,54].”
From Re-evaluating Theory of Mind evaluation in large language models (2025) · cites this paper as [53]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This is fundamentally a construct-validity problem: neighboring measures should support distinct interpretations within a nomological network rather than be treated as interchangeable indicators (Cronbach and Meehl, 1955; Messick, 1995).”
From Beyond checking: verification quality, reliance calibration, and learning in generative AI-assisted higher education (2026) · cites this paper as Cronbach and Meehl, 1955
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“To ensure sound methodology, we followed best practice guidelines for the scale development (see e.g., Boateng et al., 2018;Cronbach & Meehl, 1955) which typically include steps of item generation, scale construction, and scale evaluation.”
From Development and Validation of a Basic Psychological Needs Scale for Technology Use (2024) · cites this paper as Cronbach & Meehl, 1955
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“This work contributes to the building of a nomological net (Cronbach and Meehl 1955) for a more nuanced conceptualization of religious belief and belonging by attending to meaning-making and its developmental progression within context-specific applications.”
From A Reframing of Meaning-Making and Its Measurement Among Emerging Adults (2025) · cites this paper as Cronbach and Meehl 1955
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Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1955-07
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 281-302
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W1964218847
- Cited by
- 11,195
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 487 · 2025: 408 · 2024: 463 · 2023: 491 · 2022: 496 · 2021: 581 · 2020: 545 · 2019: 496 · 2018: 452 · 2017: 443 · 2016: 438 · 2015: 427 · 2014: 396 · 2013: 380 · 2012: 354
- FWCI
- 33.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › General Psychology › Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology
- Keywords
- construct validity, psychological tests, test validity, psychometrics, measurement theory
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Psychological Tests
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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