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A comparative test of the status envy, social power, and secondary reinforcement theories of identificatory learning.
Abstract
According to the status envy theory of identification recently proposed by J. W. M. Whiting, where a child competes unsuccessfully with an adult for affection, attention, food, and care, the child will envy the consumer adult and consequently identify with him. Whiting's theory represents an extension of the Freudian defensive identification hypothesis that identificatory behavior is the outcome of rivalrous interaction between the child and the parent who occupies an envied consumer status. In accordance with the social power theory of identification, but contrasting with the status envy hypothesis, one would predict that children will reproduce more of the behavior of the adult who controls positive reinforcers, and that power inversions on the part of the male and female models will produce cross-sex imitation. The secondary reinforcement theory of identification, which has been alluded to in the discussion of social power through attractiveness, has been elaborated in greatest detail by O. H. Mowrer.
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“A classic psychology study (Bandura, Ross, & Ross, 1963) showed that children tend to adopt the incidental behaviors of adults in control.”
From Implications of an Emerging Integration of Universal and Culturally Specific Psychologies (2006) · cites this paper as Bandura, Ross, & Ross, 1963
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1963-12
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 527-534
- ISSN
- 0096-851X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1989302046
- Cited by
- 309
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 12.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- identification, parental love, positive reinforcement, power inversion, attractiveness, whiting
- MeSH terms
- Child, Defense Mechanisms, Humans, Learning, Psychology, Social, Reinforcement, Psychology
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