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A comparative test of the status envy, social power, and secondary reinforcement theories of identificatory learning.

Bandura, Albert, Ross, Dorothea, Ross, Sheila A.·1963·The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/h0046546

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Abstract

According to the status envy theory of identification recently proposed by J. W. M. Whiting, where a child competes unsuccessfully with an adult for affection, attention, food, and care, the child will envy the consumer adult and consequently identify with him. Whiting's theory represents an extension of the Freudian defensive identification hypothesis that identificatory behavior is the outcome of rivalrous interaction between the child and the parent who occupies an envied consumer status. In accordance with the social power theory of identification, but contrasting with the status envy hypothesis, one would predict that children will reproduce more of the behavior of the adult who controls positive reinforcers, and that power inversions on the part of the male and female models will produce cross-sex imitation. The secondary reinforcement theory of identification, which has been alluded to in the discussion of social power through attractiveness, has been elaborated in greatest detail by O. H. Mowrer.

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Authors: Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
Venue: The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1963-12
Volume: 67
Issue: 6
Pages: 527-534
ISSN: 0096-851X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1037/h0046546
OpenAlex: W1989302046
Cited by: 309
References: 16
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 12.04
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: identification, parental love, positive reinforcement, power inversion, attractiveness, whiting
MeSH terms: Child, Defense Mechanisms, Humans, Learning, Psychology, Social, Reinforcement, Psychology

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A comparative test of the status envy, social power, and secondary reinforcement theories of identificatory learning.

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