Cited by 338Attachment and Relationship DynamicsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

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Emotional availability: Conceptualization and research findings.

Biringen, Zeynep·2000·American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

DOI 10.1037/h0087711

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Abstract

The emotional availability construct (based on observations of parent-child interactions) was first reconceptualized for research in 1991 as a way to describe the quality of parent-child interactions. Since then, there has been considerable refinement of the construct. EA refers to several parental dimensions (sensitivity, structuring, non-intrusiveness, non-hostility) and two child dimensions (responsiveness to parent and involvement of parent). The EA empirical link with attachment and parent-child relationship are reviewed and avenues for future research are suggested.

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A Longitudinal Examination of Verbal Reassurance During Infant Immunization: Occurrence and Examination of Emotional Availability as a Potential Moderator*
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Background
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Background
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Method
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Background
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Method
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Background
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BackgroundMethodInfluential
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Method
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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“Effect sizes were not calculated for sample characteristics upon which cases were matched or for non-significant differences. b Measured by The Eating Disorders Inventory 2. c Measured by the Brief Symptom Inventory. d Measured by the Child Behavior Checklist. e measured by the Emotional Availability Scales.”
MethodInfluential
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Background
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Practicing attachment in the real world: improving maternal insightfulness and dyadic emotional availability at an outpatient community mental health clinic
Ziv, Y., Kaplan, B. A., & Venza, J. (2016) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2015.1135972 · Cited by 13
“…successfully used during the last two decades in samples of children from infancy to middle childhood in diverse social and cultural settings (e.g., Biringen, 2000; Biringen & Easterbrooks, 2012; Easterbrooks, Biesecker, & Lyons-Ruth, 2000; Oyen, Landy, & Hilburn-Cobb, 2000; Sagi, Koren-Karie,…”
Background
Assessing emotional aspects of midwives’ intrapartum care: Development of the emotional availability and responsiveness in intrapartum care scale
Leinweber, J., Creedy, D. K., Rowe, H. J., & Gamble, J. A. (2019) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2019.03.019 · Cited by 13
“Caregiver emotional availability has been assessed by Biringen (2000) with the Emotional Availability Scales (EAS).”
BackgroundMethod
Emotional availability in psychotherapy: The usefulness and validity of the Emotional Availability Scales for analyzing the psychotherapeutic relationship
Söderberg, A. K., Elfors, C., Larsson, M. H., Falkenström, F., & Holmqvist, R. (2013) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.826833 · Cited by 13
“This concept has received a specificdenotation in studiesof the interactionbetween parent and child by the creation of the Emotional Availability Scales (EAS; Biringen, Robinson, & Emde, 1998), which are a method for rating the quality of the interaction between parent and child. EAS are based on a combination of atta…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
MATERNAL INTERACTION QUALITY MODERATES EFFECTS OF PRENATAL MATERNAL EMOTIONAL SYMPTOMS ON GIRLS’ INTERNALIZING PROBLEMS
Endendijk, J. J., de Bruijn, A. T. C. E., van Bakel, H. J. A., Wijnen, H. A. A., Pop, V. J. M., & van Baar, A. L. (2017) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21662 · Cited by 13
Participation in an Online Prenatal Mindfulness- Relationship-Based (PMRB) Program: Outcomes for Maternal Mindfulness, Mental Health, Interoception, and Mother-Infant Relationship during Pregnancy and Post-Partum
Sansone, A., Stapleton, P., Patching, A., & Lawrence, Z. (2024) · OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.21926/obm.icm.2401001 · Cited by 14
A developmental psychopathology perspective on emotional availability research: Current trends and challenges
Beeghly, M. (2012) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000691 · Cited by 12
“107 & Biringen, 2000, 2005, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluential
Not just about food: attachments representations and maternal feeding practices in infancy
Messina, S., Reisz, S., Hazen, N. L., & Jacobvitz, D. B. (2019) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2019.1600153 · Cited by 12
‘She doesn't want to look at me’ – Mother–infant observation as a bridge between clinical practice and research
Vliegen, N. (2006) · Infant Observation · doi:10.1080/13698030601070623 · Cited by 12
“For research characteristics and a description of the scales the reader is referred to Biringen (2000).”
Background
Maternal personality disorder symptoms in primary health care: associations with mother–toddler interactions at one-year follow-up
Høivik, M. S., Lydersen, S., Ranøyen, I., & Berg‐Nielsen, T. S. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1789-5 · Cited by 11
Foster Carer-Foster Child Intervention (FFI): An Intervention Designed to Reduce Stress in Young Children Placed in a Foster Family
van Andel, H. W., Grietens, H. W. E., & Knorth, E. J. (2012) · Adoption & Fostering · doi:10.1177/030857591203600203 · Cited by 13
“Different instruments are used to assess variables of interest. relationship between foster carers and foster child is assessed using the Emotional Avail abil - ity Scales (EAS) (Biringen, 2000).”
Influential
Unraveling middle childhood attachment-related behavior sequences using a micro-coding approach
Bodner, N., Bosmans, G., Jasmien, S., Verhees, M. W. F. T., & Ceulemans, E. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224372 · Cited by 12
The role of maternal attachment in mental health and dyadic relationships in war trauma
Punamäki, R., Qouta, S., & Diab, S. Y. (2019) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02867 · Cited by 11
“Using video-recorded material and Emotional Availability Scoring system (Biringen, 2000) would have provided more objective information and a more nuanced classification of dyadic interaction.”
BackgroundMethod
Emotional availability of father–child dyads versus mother–child dyads in children aged 0–3 years
Bergmann, S., Wendt, V., von Klitzing, K., & Klein, A. M. (2012) · Family Science · doi:10.1080/19424620.2012.779422 · Cited by 11
“During the last 20 years, an enormous number of studies on EA evolved, providing scientific knowledge regarding adult–child relationships in many different contexts (Biringen, 2000; Biringen & Easterbrooks, 2012a).”
Background
Psychische Gesundheit von Teenagermüttern: Auswirkungen auf die nächste Generation
Dahmen, B., Konrad, K., Jahnen, L., Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B., & Firk, C. (2019) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-018-0661-7 · Cited by 11
Understanding the Emotional Needs of Children who are Blind
Campbell, J. (2007) · Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness · doi:10.1177/0145482x0710100605 · Cited by 11
“The scales are not a quantitative measure of discrete behaviors, but require trained observers using clinical judgments and contextual cues (see Biringen, 2000, for validation of EAS as a research tool and procedures for training observers).”
Background
Emotional Availability Scale Among Three U.S. Race/Ethnic Groups
Derscheid, D. J., Fogg, L., Julion, W. A., Johnson, M. E., Tucker, S., & Delaney, K. R. (2018) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945918776617 · Cited by 10
Lise Öğrencilerinde Akran Zorbaliğina Maruz Kalma: Temel Psikolojik İhtiyaçlar ve Anne-Babaya Duygusal Erişilebilirlik
Gök, F., & Önder, F. C. (2018) · Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17860/mersinefd.399218 · Cited by 11
The Focal Play Therapy: An Empirical Study on the Parent–Therapist Alliance, Parent–Child Interactions and Parenting Stress in a Clinical Sample of Children and Their Parents
Chirico, I., Andrei, F., Salvatori, P., Malaguti, I., & Trombini, E. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17228379 · Cited by 11
Experiences of Parenthood and the Child with an Intellectual Disability
Boström, P. (2012) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University) · Cited by 10
Early Parenting Interventions to Enhance Development in Infants and Children Born Prematurely: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Oh, W., & Heo, Y. (2024) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2024.06.005 · Cited by 9
Quality of the parent-child interaction in young children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: study protocol
Nieuwesteeg, A. M., Pouwer, F., van Bakel, H. J. A., Emons, W. H. M., Aanstoot, H., Odink, R. J., & Hartman, E. E. (2011) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2431-11-28 · Cited by 9
“, the Emotional Availability Scales (EAS) [24] and the scales developed by Erickson, Sroufe and Egeland [25].”
Background
Social-Emotional Development in Children with Hearing Loss
Harris, L. G. (2014) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · Cited by 9
The Relation Between Parents’ Emotional Availability and Reactive-Proactive Aggression in Adolescents: The Intermediary Role of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation
ÖZDOĞAN, A. Ç., & Önder, F. C. (2018) · TED EĞİTİM VE BİLİM · doi:10.15390/eb.2018.7576 · Cited by 9
“Based on the framework of attachment theory, the concept of parents emotional availability mainly focuses on parents’ reactions, sensitiveness and affective-commitment (Biringen, 2000).”
Parent-child relationship outcomes of the Incredible Years Parents and Babies Program: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Pontoppidan, M., Thorsager, M., & Steenhoff, T. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.2478/sjcapp-2022-0004 · Cited by 8
“to be less practically applicable in Denmark than the CIB system, which is comparable to the Emotional Availability Scales (EAS) system (75) or the Care Index system (76).”
Method
Developing a measure of distress-promoting parent behaviors during infant vaccination: Assessing reliability and validity
Riddell, R. P., Gennis, H. G., Modica, P. T., Greenberg, S., & Garfield, H. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1080/24740527.2018.1471325 · Cited by 8
Infant-led Research: Privileging Space to See, Hear, and Consider the Subjective Experience of the Infant
Bunston, W., Frederico, M., & Whiteside, M. (2019) · Australian Social Work · doi:10.1080/0312407x.2019.1676457 · Cited by 8
“…methods rely heavily on the use of filming interactions or observing infants in laboratory or artificial settings, with an emphasis on finding evidence of certain behaviours or to score sequences of interactions according to standardised scales (Beebe, 2006; Biringen, 2000; Puckering et al., 2011).”
Method
A cross-sectional study of father-daughter/son interactions from 1 Month to 3 years of age with the feeding and play scales: Exploring the psychometric properties
Chatoor, I., Sechi, C., Vismara, L., & Lucarelli, L. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105671 · Cited by 8
Benefits and challenges in the adoption of evidence-based practices in the child and family services
López, M. J. R. (2022) · Child Studies · doi:10.21814/childstudies.4127 · Cited by 10
“In particular, the dyadic emotional availability observed during mother–child exchanges in a free play task (Biringen, 2000; Biringen et al., 2014), as well as mother-child temporal synchrony are fundamental to predict the quality of infants’ attachment (Biro et al.”
Background
FIRST STEPS – a randomized controlled trial on the evaluation of the implementation and effectiveness of two early prevention programs for promoting the social integration and a healthy development of children with an immigrant background from 0–3
Lebiger‐Vogel, J., Rickmeyer, C. C., Busse, A., Fritzemeyer, K., Rüger, B., & Leuzinger‐Bohleber, M. (2015) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-015-0078-z · Cited by 8
“Significant findings have been reported about the positive relationship between parental EA and children’s attachment security (Biringen 2000) and there is a large body of empirical research using the EA Scales (Biringen et al. 2014).”
Background
The Focal Play Therapy: A Clinical Approach to Promote Child Health and Family Well-being
Chirico, I., Andrei, F., Salvatori, P., Malaguti, I., & Trombini, E. (2019) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00077 · Cited by 8
The effects of exposure to political and domestic violence on preschool children and their mothers
Ziv, Y., & Kupermintz, H. (2019) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12608 · Cited by 8
Development and initial reliability and validity of a new measure of distorted maternal representations: The Mother–Infant Relationship Scale
Newman‐Morris, V., Gray, K. M., Simpson, K., & Newman, L. K. (2019) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21826 · Cited by 10
Assessing Attachment Needs and Potential in High-Risk Infants1
McIntosh, J. E. (2006) · Journal of Family Studies · doi:10.5172/jfs.327.12.1.57 · Cited by 8
“· Strange Situation (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978; Cassidy & Marvin, 1990) · Caregiver Behaviour Classification System (Britner,Marvin, & Pianta, 2005) · Problem Solving Procedure (Crowell & Feldman, 1988) · AMBIANCE system (Bohr, Hudson Crain, & Holigrocki, 2005; Bronfman, Parsons, & Lyons-Ruth, 1999) · Em…”
Early childcare setting in Israel: structural quality, caregiver sensitivity, and children's behaviour
Stolarski, E., Cohen, D., Mizrachi, C. D., & Sagi-Schwartz, A. (2023) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2023.2267783 · Cited by 7
“In other words, caregiver and child characteristics and behaviours are not independent but interact and in ﬂ uence each other (Biringen, 2000; Biringen et al., 2012).”
Ebeveyn Duygusal Erişilebilirliği, Romantik İlişki Kalitesi ve Sosyal Bağlılık ile İyi Oluş Arasındaki İlişkide Yalnızlığın Aracılık Rolü
ÖZDOĞAN, A. Ç. (2020) · Pamukkale University Journal of Education · doi:10.9779/pauefd.770592 · Cited by 8
How mothers interact with children with suspected cow's milk allergy symptoms
Merras‐Salmio, L., Salo, S., Pelkonen, A. S., Kuitunen, M., Aronen, E. T., Mäkelä, M. J., & Kolho, K. (2013) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.12408 · Cited by 7

Authors: Biringen, Z.
Affiliations: Colorado State University (US)
Corresponding author: Biringen, Zeynep
ORCID: Biringen, Zeynep
Venue: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2000
Volume: 70
Issue: 1
Pages: 104-114
ISSN: 0002-9432 (ISSN-L)
1939-0025
DOI: 10.1037/h0087711
OpenAlex: W2045074187
Cited by: 338
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 2.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: emotional availability, parent-child interaction, parental sensitivity, child responsiveness, parental involvement, attachment, parent-child relationship
MeSH terms: Adult, Child, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Parent-Child Relations, Parenting

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Emotional availability: Conceptualization and research findings.

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