Cited by 338Attachment and Relationship DynamicsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

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Emotional availability: Conceptualization and research findings.

Biringen, Zeynep·2000·American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

DOI 10.1037/h0087711

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Abstract

The emotional availability construct (based on observations of parent-child interactions) was first reconceptualized for research in 1991 as a way to describe the quality of parent-child interactions. Since then, there has been considerable refinement of the construct. EA refers to several parental dimensions (sensitivity, structuring, non-intrusiveness, non-hostility) and two child dimensions (responsiveness to parent and involvement of parent). The EA empirical link with attachment and parent-child relationship are reviewed and avenues for future research are suggested.

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KAHRAMAN, M., & İKİZ, F. E. (2021) · Buca eğitim fakültesi dergisi (Online)/Buca Eğitim Fakültesi dergisi · doi:10.53444/deubefd.815549 · Cited by 1
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Roth, M., Kluczniok, D., Roepke, S., Heim, C. C., Herpertz, S. C., Attar, C. H., Dittrich, K., Boedeker, K., Winter, S., Ridder, N., et al. (2022) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000521519 · Cited by 1
Maternal Postpartum Emotional Distress and Preterm Social Withdrawal in the Bedouin Culture
Assal‐Zrike, S., Marks, K. A., & Atzaba‐Poria, N. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00894-x · Cited by 1
“Moreover, the EAS assesses specific behaviors of parents but, simultaneously, constitutes global ratings of dyads and emphasizes joint interactional styles (Biringen, 2000).”
Background
Happiness Related Mothering, Study of Mother with Young Children
Suganda, G., & Ninin, R. H. (2021) · GOLDEN AGE JURNAL PENDIDIKAN ANAK USIA DINI · doi:10.29313/ga:jpaud.v5i2.7687 · Cited by 1
Emotional Availability in Mother-Child and Father-Child Interactions as Predictors of Child’s Attachment Representations in Adoptive Families
Almeida, A. S., Giger, J., Mendonça, S., Fuertes, M., & Nunes, C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19084720 · Cited by 1
“EA has been shown to be either a correlate of attachment or a predictor [6,17].”
Background
A Measure of Caregivers’ Distress-Promoting Behaviors During Toddler Vaccination: Validation of the OUCHIE-RV
Badovinac, S. D., Flora, D. B., Edgell, H., Flanders, D., Garfield, H., Weinberg, E., Savlov, D., & Riddell, R. P. (2023) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsad050 · Cited by 1
Interactions between autistics and healthy children and their parents in emotional availability: a comparative study
Güllü, B. Ü., Öztop, D. B., Aydin, E. U., Örs, B., Uytun, M. Ç., & Yürümez, E. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2024.102 · Cited by 1
“…is a relational construct that refers to the quality of emotional exchanges between parents and children and focuses on their reciprocal accessibility and their ability to understand and respond appropriately to each other ’ s communicative signals (Biringen and Robinson, 1991; Biringen, 2000).”
Background
Improving emotional availability in Australian mother-toddler dyads via the Tuning in to Toddlers parenting program
Cloud, Z. C. G., Kehoe, C. E., Treyvaud, K., Wright, B., & Havighurst, S. S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-80827-y · Cited by 3
“…is also a central concept within both emotional availability and emotion socialisation theories: optimal emotional availability requires high levels of maternal sensitivity 31 , and mothers who are sensitive are more likely to regulate their child’s distress using supportive parent ESBs 4 .”
Retrospektive Evaluation eines interdisziplinären Nachsorgeangebots für suchtmittelexponierte Neugeborene
van Noort, B. M., Timme, A., Watrin-Avino, L. M., Nagel, M., Bührer, C., Hüseman, D., Siedentopf, J.-P., Wiefel, A., Leupold, H., & Winter, S. (2020) · Kindheit und Entwicklung · doi:10.1026/0942-5403/a000312 · Cited by 1
ANNELERİ İLE CEZA İNFAZ KURUMLARINDA KALAN 0-3 YAŞ ÇOCUKLARININ BAĞLANMA SÜREÇLERİNİN DESTEKLENMESİ VE SAĞLIKLI GELİŞİMLERİ İÇİN BİR PİLOT ÇALIŞMA: DUYGU SALINCAĞI
Karadeniz, G., Zabcı, N., GEZGİN, S., & KATİP, C. (2022) · Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.21550/sosbilder.978943 · Cited by 1
Mother-Child Emotional Availability Across Cultures: Findings from Western and Non-Western Countries
Putnick, D. L., Bornstein, M. H., & Suwalsky, J. T. D. (2022) · Science across cultures · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15359-4_19 · Cited by 1
Positive experiences of mothers of a child with Down Syndrome in the Western Cape
Mhlanga, S. (2013) · Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University) · Cited by 1
Assessment of Infants and Toddlers
Zaccario, M. L., Sossin, K. M., & DeGroat, J. S. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9781118269602.ch4 · Cited by 1
The influence of mother-child communication and relationship factors in promoting healthy development in high-risk children
Barrieau, L. E. (2009) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University) · Cited by 1
Emotional availability and touch among deaf and hearing mother-infant dyads
Silvia, G. (2012) · The Mathematics Enthusiast · Cited by 1
Exploring the Impacts of the Parent-Child Mother Goose Program
Webber, N. (2017) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3t14v358 · Cited by 1
“These recent studies support the earlier notion made that maternal emotions can be predictors of attachment security (Biringen, 2000).”
Result
Minding the Baby: The challenges of implementing a reflective functioning programme with high-risk families
Grayton, L. (2014) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
The impact of parental emotional availability on the academic achievement of high school students
Johnson, E. P. (2008)
Parenting patterns in urban African American families: Raising healthy adolescents in the context of economic hardship and community violence
Tyler, D. H. (2012) · Digital Commons-DePaul (DePaul University)
THE CONNECTION BETWEEN MATERNAL DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AND MATERNAL INSENSITIVITY: THE MEDIATING OR MODERATING ROLE OF MATERNAL PERCEPTION OF THE INFANT
AlBanna, B. S. (2005) · University Libraries (University of Maryland)
Indiscriminate friendliness in maltreated children : the importance of emotional availability
Love, L. (2014) · Enlighten: Theses (The University of Glasgow)
Framing requests for parental participation in family research
Clay, D. J. (2006) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Clinical characteristics of cow's milk allergy with gastrointestinal symptoms
Merras‐Salmio, L. (2014) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
Early attachment behavior in mother-infant dyad: a study on Maternal Physical Engagement
Bembich, C. (2012) · Unitn-eprints PhD (University of Trento) · doi:10.15168/11572_368832
How does information about sleeping arrangements contribute to nurse practitioners’ assessment of development?
Middlemiss, W. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1111/j.1041-2972.2005.00008.x
“This viewpoint has suggested that the nurturance and security that may be characteristic of shared sleeping arrangements can help infants avoid anxiety associated with parent infant nighttime separations and foster a secure attachment with the infants (Biringen, 2000; Biringen & Robinson, 1991; Hanks & Rebelsky, 1977;…”
Background
The Effect of Maternal Borderline Personality Disorder and Social Support on Patterns of Emotional Availability in Mother-Child Interactions
Trupe, R. D. (2013)
Directive and Nondirective Guidance During Mother-Child Interactions in a High-Risk Sample: Associations with Family and Environment Variables
Briscoe, C. (2013) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University)
The Effects of Loving-Kindness Meditation on Early Parenting
Nagy, G. A. (2011) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder)
Maternal depressive symptoms and parenting behavior: child behavior as an activator of maternal responsiveness
Meunier, L. N. (2007) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library)
Emotionale Verfügbarkeit in der Mutter-Kind- Interaktion bei Very Low Birthweight Frühgeborenen im Grundschulalter
Brisch, K. H. (2014)

Authors: Biringen, Z.
Affiliations: Colorado State University (US)
Corresponding author: Biringen, Zeynep
ORCID: Biringen, Zeynep
Venue: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2000
Volume: 70
Issue: 1
Pages: 104-114
ISSN: 0002-9432 (ISSN-L)
1939-0025
DOI: 10.1037/h0087711
OpenAlex: W2045074187
Cited by: 338
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 2.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: emotional availability, parent-child interaction, parental sensitivity, child responsiveness, parental involvement, attachment, parent-child relationship
MeSH terms: Adult, Child, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Parent-Child Relations, Parenting

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Emotional availability: Conceptualization and research findings.

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