The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Thinking first versus googling first: Preferences and consequences.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Generating answers before consulting external resources yields superior recall compared with immediate lookup.
“Research on 'thinkbefore-search' paradigms shows that generating answers before consulting external resources yields superior recall compared with immediate lookup [5, 6], underscoring the importance of preserving productive struggle.”
From Do Gains from Generative AI-Enabled Adaptive Pretesting Persist? Evidence from a Retention Study (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Cognitive Architecture of Digital Externalization
Skulmowski, A. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09818-1 · Cited by 76
“However, conceptualizations describing the Internet or technology in general mainly as a passive storage system that merely supports human performance and memory may already be outdated due to the rise of generative AI.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Value of Using Tests in Education as Tools for Learning—Not Just for Assessment
Murphy, D. H., Little, J. L., & Bjork, E. L. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09808-3 · Cited by 74
Self-citationWong, S. S. H., & Qiu, S. X. (2026) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-026-10118-7 · Cited by 18
10 Things Software Developers Should Learn about Learning
Brown, N. C. C., Hermans, F., & Margulieux, L. E. (2023) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/3584859 · Cited by 10
How does Google get its information?: Children's judgements about Google search
Girouard‐Hallam, L. N., & Danovitch, J. H. (2024) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12487 · Cited by 6
How mindful and mindless online searching affects curiosity and information recall
Kim, J. A., Kim, J., Kim, S., & Bong, M. (2025) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-025-10570-2 · Cited by 1
Cognitive offloading reduces internal memory processing in children
Goldberg, E., & Magen, H. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-44574-6 · Cited by 1
Do Gains from Generative AI–Enabled Adaptive Pretesting Persist? Evidence from a Retention Study
Akgün, M., & Toker, Ş. (2026) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-29788-4_49 · Cited by 1
Do Gains from Generative AI-Enabled Adaptive Pretesting Persist? Evidence from a Retention Study
Akgun, M., & Toker, S. (2026) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.22328
“Research on “think-before-search” paradigms shows that generating answers before consulting ex-ternal resources yields superior recall compared with immediate lookup [5, 6], underscoring the importance of preserving productive struggle.”
AI professional development that centers faculty expertise
Fisher, S. K., Koch, S., Bremner, K., & Castillo, R. (2025) · To improve the academy · doi:10.3998/tia.7358
Metadata
- Authors
- Giebl, S., Mena, S., Sandberg, R., Bjork, E. L., & Bjork, R. A.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition
- Published
- 2023-09
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 431-442
- ISSN
- 2211-3681 (ISSN-L)
- 2211-369X
- OpenAlex
- W4304959929
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 1.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Information Retrieval and Search Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- search behavior, information seeking, search engine use, cognitive effort, decision-making
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
