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Male victims of female-perpetrated intimate partner violence, help-seeking, and reporting behaviors: A qualitative study
Open accessAbstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global social health problem. Societal perceptions of IPV as a predominantly female issue have led to the development of research perspectives, frameworks, measures, and methodologies unable to capture the full scope of male victimization. Research has also been hampered by a reluctance from men to identify as victims, and many do not relate to commonly used terminology of IPV, such as domestic violence. The current study used qualitative methods to explore men's experiences of female-perpetrated IPV in Australia, defined as "boundary crossings." The sample comprised 258 men recruited using a snowball approach through social media platforms and via a monthly newsletter of an online men's health support site. The online survey containing open-ended questions focused on three areas: type of IPV experienced, help-seeking, and reporting behavior. Men reported experience of a range of physical, sexual, verbal, coercive controlling, and manipulative behaviors. Male victims noted how disclosure of abuse to family and friends was variously met with shock, support, and minimization. Participants also reported secondary abusive experiences, with police and other support services responding with ridicule, doubt, indifference, and victim arrest. The use of the term boundary crossing rather than IPV, which is commonly associated with male-against-female violence, appeared to be a useful tool for eliciting information from men who have experienced abuse.
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“They may fail to report due to self and societal stigma, retaliation concerns, and fear of not being believed (Walker et al., 2020; Bates, 2020a; Taylor et al., 2022).”
From Experiences and Impacts of Intimate Partner Violence Against Men in Northern Ireland: Qualitative Findings from the Male Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence Study (2026) · cites this paper as Walker et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“Thus, the PSNI have reported that 32% of all DV victims in 2021 were male (Police Service of Northern Ireland, 2022a), and as these statistics only cover reported crimes and as men are significantly less likely to report (Dutton & White, 2013; Walker et al., 2020), the true prevalence of IPV in NI men remains unknown.”
From Experiences and Impacts of Intimate Partner Violence Against Men in Northern Ireland: Qualitative Findings from the Male Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence Study (2026) · cites this paper as Walker et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“Lack of disclosure in men can be driven by the fear that their experiences would be minimised/ignored/not believed, or they themselves would be accused of perpetrating abuse (Walker et al., 2020; Bates, 2020a; Taylor et al., 2022).”
From Experiences and Impacts of Intimate Partner Violence Against Men in Northern Ireland: Qualitative Findings from the Male Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence Study (2026) · cites this paper as Walker et al., 2020
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Cited by
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“The impact of the responses varied across and within participants, for some it was discussed in terms of decreasing mental health, suicidal ideation, and general worthlessness, findings consistent with previous research (Machado, et al., 2017; Walker et al., 2019).”
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“Specifically, research has noted impotence, anxieties over sexual activity, and increased promiscuity with women as a means of validating their sexual identity [41,56,57,116,129].”
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“Prior literature suggests that male victims experience physical, emotional, sexual, and verbal forms of IPV (Walker et al., 2020).”
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“Male victims may be even more uncomfortable with disclosure given the influence of gender norms (Walker et al., 2020).”
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Tenkorang, E. Y., Zaami, M., Kimuna, S., Owusu, A. Y., & Rohn, E. (2023) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x211042847 · Cited by 20
“Thus, attempts to share such experiences may be interpreted as a sign of weakness and a betrayal of what it means to be an African male.”
BackgroundInfluentialDoes Thor ask Iron Man for Help? Examining Help-Seeking Behaviors in Marvel Superheroes
Shawcroft, J. E., & Coyne, S. M. (2022) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-022-01301-5 · Cited by 19
“…may be untrained in how to help men stay engaged with formal mental health services (Seidler et al., 2021), and social discourse around issues that men experience but are typically seen as “women’s issues” such as intimate partner violence often minimize men’s struggles (e.g., Walker et al., 2020).”
Background“Punched in the Balls”: Male Intimate Partner Violence Disclosures and Replies on Reddit
Sivagurunathan, M., Walton, D. M., Packham, T., Booth, R. G., & MacDermid, J. C. (2021) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883211039666 · Cited by 16
“Both OP and commenters mentioned being falsely accused of IPV perpetration (as a form of legal and administrative violence) or being threatened of false allegation (possibly as a tactic to threaten and silence the male survivors), reinforcing previous research on male IPV survivors (Corbally, 2015; Morgan & Wells, 201…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHogan, K., Clarke, V., & Ward, T. J. (2022) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2022.2061881 · Cited by 18
“Accordingly, the stigma of being a male victim may influence reporting of IPV and the associated psychological symptoms (Huntley et al., 2019; Randle & Graham, 2011; Walker et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSimilar But Different: Intimate Partner Violence Experienced by Women and Men
Roebuck, B. S., McGlinchey, D., Lysova, A. V., Hastie, K., & Taylor, M. (2023) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-023-00497-8 · Cited by 20
“Conversely, there are also concerns that research on IPV may underreport the experiences of male survivors since many studies on violence are designed with an assumption of female victims and male perpetrators (Ammerman & Jones, 2020; Archer, 2000; Dutton, 2012; Walker et al., 2020).”
McLeod, D. A., Ozturk, B., Butler-King, R. L., & Peek, H. (2023) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380231177318 · Cited by 21
“…or common-law relationship, cohabitation, divorced/separated, and widower (Dim & Lysova, 2022; Freeland et al., 2018; Gonçalves et al., 2022; Hogan et al., 2021; Lysova & Dim, 2022; Machado et al., 2016; Simon & Wallace, 2018; Tsang et al., 2021; Tsui et al., 2014; Walker et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialSuggestions to improve outcomes for male victims of domestic abuse: a review of the literature
Moore, T. (2021) · SN Social Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43545-021-00263-x · Cited by 17
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“The gendered paradigm of domestic violence plays a significant role in victimized men’s apprehensiveness about being disbelieved by formal and informal help sources (Bates, 2020; Hogan et al., 2021; Machado et al., 2016; Walker et al., 2020).”
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“Recent work by Walker et al. (2020) explored behaviours men considered “boundary crossing” (including, for example, impeding their right to safety, privacy, self-esteem).”
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“Hence, while service provision in many jurisdictions has been significantly expanded to accommodate the needs of male victim-survivors (see Walker et al., 2020), LGBTQ victim-survivors remain a largely under-serviced population (Smith, 2021).”
Population-Level Epidemiology of Concussion Concurrent with Domestic Violence in Arizona, USA
Rowe, R. K., Murphy, S. M., Handmaker, H., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2021.0022 · Cited by 15
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Systematic Review of the Psychometric Properties of Culturally Responsive Domestic Violence Measures
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“Therefore, it is necessary for researchers to conduct studies that are also open to male participants and move away from the feminization of DV (Huntley et al., 2019; Rai & Choi, 2021; Walker et al., 2020).”
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“Social expectations to conform to masculine norms can be reflected in emasculating and homophobic psychological abuse of men, failure to acknowledge their experiences as violence, and their reluctance to disclose the abuse and seek help (Walker et al., 2020; Scott-Storey et al., 2022).”
BackgroundAlsawalqa, R. O., Sa'deh, Y. A. R., & Alrawashdeh, M. N. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689235 · Cited by 17
Black Men’s Intimate Partner Violence Victimization, Help-Seeking, and Barriers to Help-Seeking
Stewart, M. A., & Haselschwerdt, M. L. (2023) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605231159632 · Cited by 14
“Hegemonic masculinity also influences how confidants, like friends and family, as well as formal and legal service providers, respond to IPV disclosures or attempts to seek help (Lysova et al., 2020; Walker et al., 2020).”
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Domestic homicide involving female perpetrators and male victims
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“…the trauma and mental health impacts of coercive control for different populations, such as men and gender diverse people, different ethnic and cultural contexts, including First Nations people and people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds (McKinley, 2022; Walker et al., 2020).”
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“Male victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) in most cases experience emotional, physical, and psychological violence (Walker et al., 2019).”
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BackgroundNonresident Fathers’ Voice: Marginalized, Disempowered, and Silenced
Violi, D., Kwok, C., Lewis, P., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883221115594 · Cited by 10
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Graso, M., & Reynolds, T. A. (2024) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2024.0381 · Cited by 8
“For instance, male victims of female-perpetrated intimate partner violence are met with ridicule, doubt and minimization [121], despite evidence suggesting women commit intimate partner violence at similar rates to men [122].”
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Rowlands, G. A., Warshak, R. A., & Harman, J. J. (2022) · Partner Abuse · doi:10.1891/pa-2022-0001 · Cited by 9
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(Un)Acknowledgment of Men as Victims of Intimate Partner Violence
Machado, A., Santos, A., & de Matos, M. A. V. (2023) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vv-2022-0022 · Cited by 9
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“The internal barriers are a failure to perceive the abuse; 17,18 a sense that one must maintain familial relationships, spare children from developing a negative image of their mother, and get along with their partners without the help of a third party; 18,19 the internalization of male gender…”
BackgroundDiscourses Around Male IPV Related Systemic Biases on Reddit
Sivagurunathan, M., Walton, D. M., Packham, T., Booth, R. G., & MacDermid, J. C. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211030015 · Cited by 7
“Men may be less likely to seek help due to the shame and stigma associated with male IPV victimization (Machado et al., 2016; Park et al., 2020; Walker et al., 2020).”
BackgroundViolence Against Men and Its Effects Within the Workplace: A Literature Review
Garro, M., Bonfanti, R. C., Argento, A., & Ruggieri, S. A. (2024) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci13120636 · Cited by 10
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“…et al., 2019), fear of false accusation (Bates, 2019a, 2019b; Machado et al., 2020), fear for the safety of their children (Wallace et al., 2019), fear of being disbelieved and thought of as weak (Cook, 2009; Walker et al., 2020) among other impacts (Bates, 2019b, 2020; Machado et al., 2020).”
Brodie, Z. P., Hawkins, R. D., Maclean, C., & McKinlay, J. (2022) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075221147203 · Cited by 9
“While men who are victims of domestic abuse are considerably less likely to report to police for several reasons (e.g., fear of not being believed, shame and embarrassment due to gender norms faced by men; Walker et al., 2020), research examining engagement with the targeted domestic abuse charity Respect Men’s Advice…”
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“…on intimate partner violence experienced in romantic relationships of university students, only quantitative studies (Straus 2004a; Straus 2004b; Price et al. 1999) or it seems that qualitative studies are aimed only at the experiences of women or men (Ismail et al. 2007; Walker et al. 2020).”
Karystianis, G., Kita, S., Lerigo, F., Sheridan, L. P., & Butler, T. G. (2024) · Crime Science · doi:10.1186/s40163-024-00228-4 · Cited by 11
“It is known that male victims involved in DV are reluctant to disclose abuse for reasons including social stigma, ridicule and a misun-derstanding of what constitutes DV (Carmo et al., 2011; Drijber et al., 2013; Dutton & White, 2013; Thureau et al., 2015; Walker et al., 2020).”
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“65 68 Additionally, recall or social desirability biases could have affected self-reported measures of IPV exposure in both men and women.”
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Young People’s Understanding of Coercive Control in Northern Ireland
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“This is concerning given the increased risk of intimate partner violence among women and girls (WHO, 2021) as well as lower reporting and help seeking among male victims (Walker et al., 2020).”
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“However, studies with community samples find that men also experience significant levels of IPV (e.g., Archer, 2000; Douglas & Hines, 2011; Lysova et al., 2019; Machado & Matos, 2014; Walker et al., 2020).”
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Vail, S. L., Spencer, C. M., Moore, M. M., & Keilholtz, B. M. (2024) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605241270037 · Cited by 3
“Not recognizing their IPV victimization is a factor as to why men have not disclosed the abuse to others (Walker et al., 2020).”
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Male Victims of Domestic Violence
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“This can explain why some women boldly peddle false accusations against their hus-bands, a form of abuse documented by other scholars because they know they will be believed (Bates, 2020a; Carmo et al., 2011; Scott-Storey et al., 2023; Walker et al., 2020).”
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Kleindienst, P., Ljubotina, P., Racz, A., & Rončević, B. (2025) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc15090235 · Cited by 2
Generalists or specialists? Unpacking crime trajectories of intimate partner violence offenders
Rodríguez-Menés, J., Pavlopoulos, D., Rovira, M., & van Damme, M. (2025) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102584 · Cited by 3
Predicting male domestic violence using explainable ensemble learning and exploratory data analysis
Jahin, M. A., Naife, S. A., Lima, F. T. J., Mridha, M. F., & Hossen, M. J. (2025) · Discover Applied Sciences · doi:10.1007/s42452-025-07825-1 · Cited by 4
“Existing literature from countries such as Nigeria and Australia has examined the emerging trend of DV against men by employing qualitative and quantitative methodologies to uncover its prevalence, causes, and effects.”
InfluentialContributing Factors to Reporting Intimate Partner Violence as a Clinical Concern
Hoss, L., Smith, D. B., Soloski, K. L., Wagner, K., & Allen, E. (2023) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10591-023-09684-7 · Cited by 2
“…(Heron & Eisma, 2021), fear of retaliation (Heron et al., 2022; Straus & Kaufman-Kantor, 1994), fear of being met with disbelief or minimization (Walker et al., 2020), blaming their partner(s) for the abuse (Chan, 2009), financial dependence (Szinovacz & Egley, 1995), normalizing the abuse…”
Chipalo, E. (2023) · Texila international journal of public health · doi:10.21522/tijph.2013.11.04.art030 · Cited by 2
Murphy, A., & Groves, A. (2024) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605241239446 · Cited by 2
“Despite growing interest in female-perpetrated sexual violence, significant gaps remain in critical criminological literature on the harms, impacts, and responses to female sex offenders and their male victim-survivors (Cortoni et al., 2017; Loxton & Groves, 2021; Walker et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialMuchemwa, M., Phiri, M., & Aladejebi, O. (2024) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075241301441 · Cited by 2
The contributory factors leading to intimate partner violence against male victims in South Africa
Rakgwata, P. A., Munzhelele, D., & Mphephu, P. (2024) · International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478) · doi:10.20525/ijrbs.v13i9.3768 · Cited by 2
“Intimate partner violence (IPV) is acknowledged as a global social and public health issue that is typified by a partner's destructive behaviour, whether they are present or past (Walker, Lyall, Silva, Craigie, Mayshak, Costa, Hyder, & Bentley, 2020).”
Shields, M. E., Tonmyr, L., Pollock, N. J., González, A., McKinnon, B., Joshi, D., Crompton, L., & MacMillan, H. L. (2025) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2025.103011 · Cited by 3
“Like other studies (Dokkedahl et al., 2022; Spencer et al., 2024; Walker et al., 2020), we found a strong association between PTSD and non-physical IPV, particularly for frequent non-physical IPV.”
Kgatle, M. O., & Mafa, P. (2021) · Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews · doi:10.18510/hssr.2021.9511 · Cited by 2
Shadik, J. A., Garlington, S. B., Cales, M. A., & Turner, E. (2022) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2022.2142348 · Cited by 2
“…of males experiencing IPV has reported contradictory findings with some studies reporting males are more likely to experience psychological abuse than physical abuse and others reporting males are most likely to experience a combination of emotional and physical abuse (Walker et al., 2020).”
BackgroundBates, E. A., Taylor, J. C., Hope, K. A., & Smith, J. L. (2024) · Partner Abuse · doi:10.1891/pa-2023-0025 · Cited by 1
MacNeil, E., Cox, J., Stewart, H., & Russell, B. (2025) · Partner Abuse · doi:10.1891/pa-2024-0048 · Cited by 1
Public Perceptions of Intimate Partner Violence: A Qualitative Story Completion Task
Sheehan, K., Watson, L., & McKnight, C. (2025) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-025-00906-0 · Cited by 1
Post-Separation Experience of Male Victims of Intimate Partner Violence in Southern Nigeria
Isangha, S. O., Tam, H.-L., Chuang, S. S., Akintunde, T. Y., Choi, A. W., Cudjoe, E., & Umar, R. D. (2025) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2025.2521074 · Cited by 1
“Current research primarily focuses on the pre-separation experiences, impacts, and help-seeking behaviors of male victims Joseph-Edwards and Wallace (2020); Tsang et al. (2021); Walker et al. (2020).”
Thomas, J., Johns, N. E., Li, A., et al. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25361-w · Cited by 1
“Studies also show that men tend to be more reluctant to seek help when facing abuse [38, 39], which begs the question of how men choose to cope with IPV, especially when they believe their masculinity is being assailed.”
Russo, L. N., Mezzapelle, J. L., Hines, D. A., Douglas, E. M., Lee, K. A., & Sabina, C. (2026) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2026.2650131 · Cited by 1
“Masculine norms that discourage vulnerability and emphasize self-reliance may compound the harm of IPV by influencing how men interpret the abuse and the strategies they adopt in response (Huntley et al., 2019; Walker et al., 2020).”
InfluentialIntimate Partner Violence Toward Men in Estonia
Lassen, B. (2023) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2023.2186297 · Cited by 1
“Studies show that men disclosing IPV by a female perpetrator often report having been met with a mix of shock, support, and minimization of the experience from friends and family, and ridicule, doubt, indifference from police and other support services (Walker et al., 2020).”
BackgroundThe Role of Defendant Gender and PTSD Diagnosis in a Battered Spouse Case
Adair, R., Reed, K., & Torres, M. F. (2024) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605241257594 · Cited by 1
Female-perpetrated Intimate Partner Violence Against Men: Perceptions of Portuguese Police Officers
Santiago, J., Machado, A., & de Matos, M. A. V. (2024) · European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10610-024-09602-z · Cited by 2
“Concurrently, scientific literature seems to corroborate statistical findings, gradually demonstrating that a significant number of men can be victims of IPV, perpetrated by their female partners (e.g., Bates, 2020; Hines & Douglas, 2022 ; Walker et al., 2020).”
InfluentialThe Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on Gay Men’s Personal and Working Lives
Mayshak, R., Harries, T., Watson, C., Curtis, A., & Walker, A. (2024) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2024.2431264 · Cited by 1
“Pervasive societal beliefs that IPV is primarily violence against women, combined with traditional ideas of masculinity which espouse that men must be “strong” has led to a situation where men find it hard to identify or seek help as victims (W. Morgan & Wells, 2016; Walker et al., 2020).”
InfluentialSelf-citationTalbot, S. (2021) · The Atrium (University of Guelph) · Cited by 1
The Johnny Depp and Amber Heard Case in News Media: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Harper, E. I., Gibbons, D., & Bates, E. A. (2023) · Partner Abuse · doi:10.1891/pa-2022-0025 · Cited by 2
Behind Closed Doors: Attitudes, Dark Traits, and Perceptions of Intimate Partner Sexual Violence
Brunet, L. M. (2023) · doi:10.22215/etd/2023-15667 · Cited by 1
Spikol, E., McGlinchey, E., & Armour, C. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16061007 · Cited by 1
“In disclosing to the police, a few participants had positive experiences, but a majority reported negative interactions in line with previous research (Lockwood & Prohaska, 2015; Walker et al., 2020; Ewin, 2022).”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Walker, A., Lyall, K., Silva, D., Craigie, G., Mayshak, R., Costa, B., Hyder, S., & Bentley, A.
- Affiliations
- Deakin University (AU)
- Venue
- Psychology of Men & Masculinities
- Published
- 2020-04
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 213-223
- ISSN
- 1524-9220 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-151X
- OpenAlex
- W2963274824
- Cited by
- 152
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 10.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Psychology of Men & Masculinity (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Elder Abuse and Neglect
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Keywords
- intimate partner violence, male victims, help-seeking, reporting behavior, boundary crossing, disclosure of abuse, secondary victimization, men's health
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