Cited by 358Psychometric Methodologies and TestingStatistical Methods and Bayesian InferenceMental Health Research Topics

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Testing measurement invariance in longitudinal data with ordered-categorical measures.

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Liu, Yu, Millsap, Roger E., West, Stephen G., Tein, Jenn-Yun, Tanaka, Rika, Grimm, Kevin J.·2017·Psychological Methods

DOI 10.1037/met0000075PMC PMC5121102

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Abstract

A goal of developmental research is to examine individual changes in constructs over time. The accuracy of the models answering such research questions hinges on the assumption of longitudinal measurement invariance: The repeatedly measured variables need to represent the same construct in the same metric over time. Measurement invariance can be studied through factor models examining the relations between the observed indicators and the latent constructs. In longitudinal research, ordered-categorical indicators such as self- or observer-report Likert scales are commonly used, and these measures often do not approximate continuous normal distributions. The present didactic article extends previous work on measurement invariance to the longitudinal case for ordered-categorical indicators. We address a number of problems that commonly arise in testing measurement invariance with longitudinal data, including model identification and interpretation, sparse data, missing data, and estimation issues. We also develop a procedure and associated R program for gauging the practical significance of the violations of invariance. We illustrate these issues with an empirical example using a subscale from the Mexican American Cultural Values scale. Finally, we provide comparisons of the current capabilities of 3 major latent variable programs (lavaan, Mplus, OpenMx) and computer scripts for addressing longitudinal measurement invariance. (PsycINFO Database Record

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Authors: Liu, Y., Millsap, R. E., West, S. G., Tein, J.-Y., Tanaka, R., & Grimm, K. J.
Affiliations: Arizona State University (US)
University Health Network (CA)
ORCID: Liu, Yu
Millsap, Roger E.
Tein, Jenn-Yun
Tanaka, Rika
Grimm, Kevin J.
Venue: Psychological Methods
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2017-09
Volume: 22
Issue: 3
Pages: 486-506
ISSN: 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
1939-1463
DOI: 10.1037/met0000075
PMC: PMC5121102
OpenAlex: W2395889112
Cited by: 351
References: 15
Citations by year: 2026: 45 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 6
FWCI: 16.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: other-oa
www.apa.org/pubs/journals/resources/open-access.aspx (am)
Locations: Psychological Methods (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH68920)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: measurement invariance, longitudinal data, factor models, system identification, data sparsity, missing data, developmental research
MeSH terms: Data Interpretation, Statistical, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Humans, Individuality, Longitudinal Studies, Models, Statistical

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Testing measurement invariance in longitudinal data with ordered-categorical measures.

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