The diagnostic assessment research tool in action: a preliminary evaluation of a semistructured diagnostic interview for DSM-5 disorders
Abstract
= 15) were observed for the various diagnostic categories of the DART (88% average agreement). The results of the present study provide initial support for the DART as a useful tool to aid in the assessment of several major diagnostic categories corresponding with DSM-5 disorders. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The Diagnostic Assessment and Research Tool (DART) has excellent construct, convergent, and discriminant validity with relevant self-report symptom measures.
“The DART has excellent construct, convergent, and discriminant validity with relevant self-report symptom measures (Schneider et al ., 2022).”
From Effectiveness and predictors of group cognitive behaviour therapy outcome for generalised anxiety disorder in an out-patient hospital setting (2024) · cites this paper as Schneider et al., 2022
The DART has excellent construct, convergent and discriminant validity with validated self-report measures of clinical symptoms.
“although the DART has been shown to have excellent construct, convergent and discriminant validity with validated self-report measures of clinical symptoms (Schneider et al ., 2022)”
From Effectiveness and predictors of group cognitive behaviour therapy outcome for generalised anxiety disorder in an out-patient hospital setting (2024) · cites this paper as Schneider et al., 2022
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hazardous drinking and alcohol use disorders
MacKillop, J. M., Agabio, R., Ewing, S. W. F., Heilig, M. A., Kelly, J. F., Leggio, L., Lingford-Hughes, A. R., Palmer, A. A., Parry, C. D. H., Ray, L. A., et al. (2022) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-022-00406-1 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
“220 ) or the Diagnostic Assessment Research Tool 221 .”
Milosevic, I., Cameron, D. H., Milanovic, M., McCabe, R. E., & Rowa, K. (2022) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437211027319 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Preliminary findings demonstrate excellent construct validity of DART modules as well as good convergent and discriminant validity.(68)”
BackgroundSelf-citationLuo, Y., & Keefer, L. (2021) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.14297 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Alarachi, A., Merrifield, C., Rowa, K., & McCabe, R. E. (2024) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911231225190 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The DART is an open access semi-structured interview that supports diagnostic assessment of various psychological disorders, with strong initial psychometric validation (Schneider et al., 2022).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBoyd, J. E., Cameron, D. H., Shnaider, P., McCabe, R. E., & Rowa, K. (2021) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22753 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationWeinberger, A. H., Steinberg, M. L., Mills, S. D., Dermody, S. S., Heffner, J. L., Kong, A. Y., Pang, R. D., & Rosen, R. L. (2021) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntab201 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Fairbrother, N., Albert, A., Collardeau, F., & Keeney, C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19084647 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Although the DART remains early in its development, psychometric evidence to date strongly supports the interrater reliability and construct (convergent and discriminant) validity of the measure as a diagnostic interview for DSM-5 disorders [105].”
BackgroundDaros, A. R., Guimond, T. H., Yager, C., Palermo, E. H., Wilks, C. R., & Quilty, L. C. (2023) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/50399 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Perinatal anxiety disorders screening study: a study protocol
Fairbrother, N., Stagg, B., Scoten, O. C., Keeney, C., & Cargnelli, C. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05575-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Psychometric testing of the DART demonstrates excellent construct validity and good convergent and discriminant validity, and high interrater reliability [91].”
BackgroundInvestigating the Psychometric Properties of the Severity Measure for Specific Phobia
MacLeod, S., Schneider, L. H., & McCabe, R. E. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-022-09976-6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“These results were also observed in a similar and recent study, which demonstrated strong predictive utility for the SMSP compared to the DASS-21: Depression Subscale based on results from a clinical interview (Schneider et al., 2021).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationWhy Use Cannabis? Examining Motives for Cannabis Use in Individuals with Anxiety Disorders
Ouellette, M. J., Rowa, K., Cameron, D. H., Elcock, A., Soreni, N., Pawluk, E. J., & McCabe, R. E. (2022) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2022.21 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The Diagnostic Assessment Research Tool (DART; a semi-structured modular interview based on DSM-5 criteria; see McCabe et al., 2017; Schneider et al., 2022) was used to assess 65.28% of participants, 22.92% of participants received a psychiatric consult, and 4.86% received an assessment with a…”
InfluentialSelf-citationA mixed methods investigation of reasons underlying fear of positive evaluation
Wilson, G. A., Malivoire, B. L., Cassin, S. E., & Antony, M. M. (2022) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2818 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationMental disturbance impacting wellness dimensions: Resources and open research directions
Garg, M. (2023) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103876 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Triple network resting-state functional connectivity patterns of alcohol heavy drinking
Elsayed, M., Marsden, E., Hargreaves, T., Syan, S. K., MacKillop, J. M., & Amlung, M. T. (2024) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agae056 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Krause, K. L., Koerner, N., & Antony, M. M. (2022) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/01454455221075754 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Psychometric validation of the DART has demonstrated good construct, convergent, and discriminant validity for a wide range of diagnoses, including specific phobia (Schneider et al., 2021).”
BackgroundSelf-citationO’Connor, M., Vang, M. L., Bryant, R. A., Buur, C., Komischke-Konnerup, K. B., Frostholm, L., & Ladegaard, N. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2511373 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Structured clinical interviews based on clinical judgment of each symptom are recognized as the gold standard in diagnostic psychiatric work (Meyer et al., 2001; Schneider et al., 2022; WHO, 2023).”
Ouellette, M. J., Rowa, K., Cameron, D. H., Elcock, A., Soreni, N., Pawluk, E. J., & McCabe, R. E. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.054 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationMarsden, E., Murphy, J. G., MacKillop, J. M., & Amlung, M. T. (2023) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.15190 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Puccinelli, C., Cameron, D. H., Ouellette, M. J., McCabe, R. E., & Rowa, K. (2023) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-023-10029-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“It has shown good construct, convergent, and discriminant validity (Schneider et al., 2022).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFairbrother, N., Keeney, C., Mao, Y., & Beck, Q. M. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.144 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Identity in turmoil: Investigating the morally injurious dimensions of minority stress
Nicholson, A. A., Narikuzhy, S., Wolf, J., Pichtikova, M., Siegel, M., Mirabelli, J., Hatchard, T., Hosseini‐Kamkar, N., Bawagan, E. B., Roth, S. L., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2479396 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…Assessment Research Tool (DART), a semi-structured interview to facilitate the assessment of mental health disorders based on the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5), was utilized for this purpose (APA 2022; Schneider et al., 2022).”
Resting-State Functional Connectivity and Alcohol Use Disorder: A Case-Control Study
Elsayed, M., Syan, S. K., Belisario, K. L., MacKillop, E., Amlung, M. T., Sweet, L. H., & MacKillop, J. M. (2025) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20240145 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Coeur, E., Giaufer, C., Robert, P. H., & Corveleyn, X. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120484 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Neural correlates of increased alcohol demand following alcohol cue exposure in adult heavy drinkers
Amlung, M. T., Marsden, E., Hargreaves, T., Sweet, L. H., Murphy, J. G., & MacKillop, J. M. (2024) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111809 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Fahey, K. M. L., Cservenka, A., Peltier, M. R., Mereish, E. H., & Dermody, S. S. (2023) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.15255 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Malivoire, B. L., Stewart, K. E., Cameron, D., Rowa, K., & McCabe, R. E. (2024) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465823000632 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…the DART has been shown to have excellent construct, convergent and discriminant validity with validated self-report measures of clinical symptoms (Schneider et al ., 2022), it has not been validated against a gold-standard diagnostic interview leaving some questions about diagnostic accuracy.”
Self-citationPuccinelli, C., Rowa, K., Scott, A. M., Summerfeldt, L. J., & McCabe, R. E. (2025) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2025.100935 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychometric validation of the Diagnostic Assessment Research Tool: Alcohol use disorder module
Garber, M. L., Belisario, K. L., Levitt, E. E., McCabe, R. E., Kelly, J. F., & MacKillop, J. M. (2024) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agae088 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationHazardous drinking and alcohol use disorders
(2022) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-022-00414-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Puccinelli, C., Rowa, K., Summerfeldt, L. J., & McCabe, R. E. (2024) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2024.100916 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationWilson, G. A., Malivoire, B. L., Cassin, S. E., & Antony, M. M. (2022) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-022-00137-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Further, the DART has demonstrated good to excellent construct, convergent, and divergent validity, and evidence of high interrater reliability (Schneider et al., 2021).”
BackgroundSelf-citationChen, Y., Lyu, C., Yang, D., Tang, H., Gong, L., Li, J., Li, X., & Wu, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1452187 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
McCabe‐Bennett, H., Roorda, B. A., Girard, T. A., Lachman, R., & Antony, M. M. (2024) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2024.100929 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationSchuler, K. R., Ong, T., Welch, B. M., Craggs, J. G., & Bunnell, B. E. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/65770 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…phobia symptoms as determined by the study therapist via administration of the Diagnostic Assessment Research Tool (DART) Specific Phobia Module [57]; (4) have access to the internet and a computer or smartphone with videoconferencing capabilities; and (5) plan to reside in the state of Florida…”
InfluentialAn Evaluation of the Diagnostic Assessment Research Tool (DART) Screener for DSM-5 Disorders
Pawluk, E. J., Musielak, N., Milosevic, I., Rowa, K., Shnaider, P., Schneider, L. H., Antony, M. M., & McCabe, R. E. (2021) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-021-09895-y · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationBowen, E. A., LaBarre, C., Linn, B. K., & Irish, A. (2024) · Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07347324.2024.2373443 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Modifying a structured interviewing tool for self-assessment, such as the Diagnostic Assessment Research Tool (Schneider et al., 2022), would provide a more robust way of assessing the criteria in future research.”
Rowa, K., Scott, A., Storch, E. A., Goodman, W. K., McCabe, R., & Antony, M. M. (2024) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2024.100932 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationFairbrother, N., Albert, A., Collardeau, F., & Keeney, C. (2022) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0422.v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Shapiro, I., Boyd, J. E., McCabe, R. E., & Rowa, K. (2025) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465825000013 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationMcCabe‐Bennett, H., Kandasamy, K., Carney, A. E., Lachman, R., Girard, T. A., & Antony, M. M. (2025) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2025.2502618 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The primary modules of the DART (McCabe et al., 2017), a semi-structured clinical interview with growing use (e.g., Schneider et al., 2022), were administered by the primary researcher, a senior level clinical psychology PhD student with experience in psychodiagnostic assessment, with a quarter of…”
Self-citationSandre, A., Shah, V., Slyepchenko, A., Key, B. L., Simons, S., Sgambato, J., & Davey, C. J. (2025) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465825100957 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…(Karyotaki et al ., 2021; Okumura and Ichikura, 2014; Strachan et al ., 2012; Stubbings et al ., 2013), as are the small and non-significant effect sizes we observed between treatment modalities on symptom measures (Giovanetti et al ., 2022; Milosevic et al ., 2022; Stubbings et al ., 2013).”
Santiago, V. A., & Cassin, S. E. (2026) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-025-01522-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In the first session, the therapist described the study, reviewed the limits of confidentiality, and assessed for eating disorders using the Diagnostic Assessment Research Tool (DART) version 4.0 [41, 42].”
InfluentialAlarachi, A., McNeely, H. E., Rowa, K., & McCabe, R. E. (2026) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.70048 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationBunnell, B. E., Schuler, K. R., Craggs, J. G., Welch, B. M., & Ong, T. (2026) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/84670 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The DART-Risk Assessment Module (DART-RA) [48] was administered by the study therapist to assess risk for suicidal and homicidal ideation, intention, and plans, and guide the development of safety plans as needed.”
Group Cohesion in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety and Related Disorders
Carney, A. E., Kandasamy, K., Tsekova, V., Provost-Walker, O., Rowa, K., Elcock, A., McCabe, R. E., & Antony, M. M. (2025) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-025-10578-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“It has also been shown to have good acceptability and feasibility in various clinical settings, including primary care, outpatient clinics, and research studies (Schneider et al., 2022).”
Self-citationRedefining Neuropsychiatric Disorder Treatment: Innovations in Drug Design and Targeted Therapy
Kadiri, S. K., Rout, S. K., & Tiwari, P. K. (2025) · Drug Delivery Letters · doi:10.2174/0122103031375761250801075431 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Weinberger, A. H., Steinberg, M. L., Mills, S. D., Dermody, S. S., Heffner, J. L., Kong, A. Y., Pang, R. D., & Rosen, R. L. (2022) · doi:10.32920/21430491 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Williams, Z. J., Dwyer, P. S. R., Poulsen, R. E., Barrett, D. J., Keçeli-Kaysılı, B., Cascio, C. J., & Woynaroski, T. G. (2025) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/4qryg_v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Weinberger, A. H., Steinberg, M. L., Mills, S. D., Dermody, S. S., Heffner, J. L., Kong, A. Y., Pang, R. D., & Rosen, R. (2022) · doi:10.32920/21430491.v1
Payne, J., & Langfield, C. T. (2023) · Journal of Crime and Justice · doi:10.1080/0735648x.2023.2174577
“Indeed, given that the experience of psychopathology is mediated by a combination of individualised biological, environmental, and situational factors, a full diagnostic interview schedule is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning (Schneider et al. 2022).”
BackgroundNiedermann, C., Anheyer, D., Seeligmüller, E., & Ostermann, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1015169
“In clinical psychology a variety of tests, classifications and procedures do exist to detect mental disorders, which are namely summarized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) (Schneider et al., 2022).”
BackgroundMarsden, E., Murphy, J. G., MacKillop, J. M., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/egy98
Williams, Z. J., Bush, C. T., Cascio, C. J., & Woynaroski, T. G. (2025) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/64tva_v1
Development and validation of a brief Aarhus Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale
Redican, E., Vang, M. L., & O’Connor, M. (2025) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2025.2572746
MacKillop, J. M., McIntyre‐Wood, C., Vandehei, E., Yaya, H., Passa, A.-M. D., Prokop-Millar, S., Fein, A. J., Yang, A., Elsayed, M., Schwartzmann, B., et al. (2026) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1016/j.neurom.2026.01.003
A Factor Analysis of the Marijuana Motives Measure in an Anxiety and Related Disorders Sample
Joshi, Y. M., Metcalfe, S., Alarachi, A., Scott, A. M., Ouellette, M. J., & Rowa, K. (2026) · Cannabis · doi:10.26828/cannabis/2026/000352
“Diagnostic Assessment and Research Tool (DART; McCabe et al., 2017; Schneider et al., 2022).”
Self-citationHargreaves, T., McIntyre‐Wood, C., Elsayed, M., Vandehei, E., Belisario, K. L., Lee, L., Blakely, A., Halladay, J. E., Amlung, M. T., Sweet, L. H., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.05.26.26354113
Elsayed, M., Belisario, K. L., Blakely, A., Syan, S. K., Levitt, E., Garber, M. L., MacKillop, E., Balodis, I. M., Sweet, L. H., & MacKillop, J. M. (2026) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agag033
“To assess AUD severity, the DART, a structured clinical inter view was administered ( McCabe et al. 2017, Schneider et al. 2022).”
Cowie, K. D., Scott, A. M., Sadek, M., & Rowa, K. (2026) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2026.90.2.87
Self-citationParkinson, S. A., Scott, A. M., Rowa, K., & McCabe, R. E. (2026) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465826101374
“The DART has demonstrated good construct, convergent, and divergent validity (Schneider et al., 2022).”
Self-citationHatchard, T., Boyd, J. E., Mutschler, C., Hewitt, J., Scott, A. M., Ip, J., Rowa, K., Syan, S. K., Elcock, A., & McCabe, R. E. (2026) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x26100749
“…that treatment outcomes (face-to-face vs videoconference) were largely comparable across the CBT groups included in this study, with only the GAD group demonstrating slightly greater symptom improvement in the face-to-face format with a small effect size ( d = 0.20) (Milosevic et al ., 2021).”
InfluentialSelf-citation
- Authors
- Schneider, L. H., Pawluk, E. J., Milosevic, I., Shnaider, P., Rowa, K., Antony, M. M., Musielak, N., & McCabe, R. E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Assessment
- Published
- 2022-01
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 21-29
- ISSN
- 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-134X
- OpenAlex
- W3188489820
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 8.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (PJT-165929)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Keywords
- DART, psychiatric diagnosis, diagnostic assessment, interobserver agreement, mental illness
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Humans, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Reproducibility of Results, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Self Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
