Are We Measuring ADHD or Anxiety? Examining the Factor Structure and Discriminant Validity of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale in an Adult Anxiety Disorder Population
Open accessAbstract
Adults with clinical anxiety have significant symptom overlap and above average rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Despite this, ADHD remains a vastly under-detected disorder among this population, indicating the need for a screener with well-understood symptom dimensions and good discriminant validity. The current study compared competing models of ADHD as well as discriminant properties of self-reported ADHD symptoms as measured by the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1) in 618 adults with clinical anxiety. A three-factor correlated model of Inattention, Impulsivity, and Hyperactivity, with the movement of one item, talks excessively, to a factor of Impulsivity from Hyperactivity fit better than the one-factor, two-factor, and traditional three-factor models of ADHD. Discriminant properties of the screener were fair to good against measures of clinical anxiety and distress; however, some items within the Hyperactivity factor (e.g., difficulty relaxing; feeling driven by a motor) loaded more strongly onto factors of clinical anxiety than ADHD when measures were pooled together. These results suggest that clinicians making differential diagnoses between adult ADHD and anxiety or related disorders should look for evidence of ADHD beyond the overlapping symptoms, particularly for those within the Hyperactivity factor.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Many individuals treated exclusively for depression or anxiety continue to experience disabling attentional symptoms, delaying recovery.
“many individuals treated exclusively for depression or anxiety continue to experience disabling attentional symptoms, delaying recovery [106,112]”
From ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [112]
The paper’s discussion of undetected ADHD in adults with anxiety disorders (section labeled Abstract; page unavailable) links it to concentration difficulties and poor clinical outcomes, including poor treatment adherence. It does not establish that people treated exclusively for depression or anxiety continue to have disabling attentional symptoms that delay recovery; depression treatment is not addressed in the cited passages. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
R Core Team (2000) · doi:10.32614/r.manuals · Cited by 355,706 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369 · see citing works
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788 · see citing works
(1998) · Cited by 36,049 · see citing works
A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092 · Cited by 31,765 · see citing works
<b>lavaan</b> : An <i>R</i> Package for Structural Equation Modeling
Rosseel, Y. (2012) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v048.i02 · Cited by 27,955 · see citing works
Comparative fit indexes in structural models.
Bentler, P. M. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238 · Cited by 25,266 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2022) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 · Cited by 23,476 · see citing works
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u · Cited by 14,523 · see citing works
Testing Structural Equation Models.
Mueller, C. W., Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1994) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074955 · Cited by 14,211 · see citing works
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
(2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.5505/kpd · Cited by 13,703 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
&NA; (1988) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-198802020-00022 · Cited by 12,603 · see citing works
(1998) · PubMed · Cited by 10,216 · see citing works
A Reliability Coefficient for Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis
Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02291170 · Cited by 7,330 · cited 1× · see citing works
“.95 excellent; Tucker & Lewis, 1973), the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA; \ .08 acceptable, \ .05 excellent; Browne & Cudeck, 1993), and the standardized root mean square residual (SRMSR; \ .08; Hu & Bentler, 1999).”
BackgroundStructural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications.
Smith, M. D., & Hoyle, R. H. (1996) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.2307/2988418 · Cited by 6,868 · see citing works
Akaike, H. (1987) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02294359 · Cited by 5,264 · see citing works
Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176 · Cited by 4,874 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, C. K., Demler, O., Faraone, S. V., Greenhill, L. L., Howes, M. J., Secnik, K., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.716 · Cited by 3,886 · see citing works
Scandinavian Journal of Statistics
Rosén, B. G. (2005) · Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences · doi:10.1002/0471667196.ess2351.pub2 · Cited by 3,608 · see citing works
KESSLER, R. C., ADLER, L., AMES, M., DEMLER, O., FARAONE, S., HIRIPI, E., HOWES, M. J., JIN, R., SECNIK, K., SPENCER, T., et al. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704002892 · Cited by 3,452 · see citing works
The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: Development and validation of a short version.
Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2002) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.14.4.485 · Cited by 2,959 · see citing works
(1998) · Cited by 2,026 · see citing works
Minimum Sample Size Recommendations for Conducting Factor Analyses
Mundfrom, D. J., Shaw, D. G., & Ke, T. L. (2005) · International Journal of Testing · doi:10.1207/s15327574ijt0502_4 · Cited by 1,704 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN): New self-rating scale
Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R. T., Churchill, L. E., Sherwood, A., Weisler, R. H., & Foa, E. (2000) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.176.4.379 · Cited by 1,624 · see citing works
Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Faraone, S. V., & Larsson, H. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0070-0 · Cited by 1,338 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Preedy, V., & Watson, R. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_5485 · Cited by 1,146 · see citing works
Multicenter Collaborative Panic Disorder Severity Scale
Shear, M. K., Brown, T. A., Barlow, D. H., Money, R., Sholomskas, D. E., Woods, S. W., Gorman, J. M., & Papp, L. A. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.11.1571 · Cited by 1,001 · see citing works
Song, P., Zha, M., Yang, Q., Zhang, Y., Li, X., & Rudan, I. (2021) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.11.04009 · Cited by 896 · see citing works
Collaborators, O. B. O. T. W. W. M. H. S., Fayyad, J., Sampson, N. A., Hwang, I., Adamowski, T., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., Andrade, L. H. S. G., Borges, G., de Girolamo, G., et al. (2017) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-016-0208-3 · Cited by 824 · see citing works
Practical Use of the Information-Theoretic Approach
Burnham, K. P., & Anderson, D. R. (1998) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2917-7_3 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
Some Theory and Applications of Confirmatory Second-Order Factor Analysis
Rindskopf, D. M., & Rose, T. (1988) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2301_3 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
SANDRA KOOIJ, J. J., BUITELAAR, J. K., van den OORD, E. J., FURER, J. W., TH. RIJNDERS, C. A., & HODIAMONT, P. P. G. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170400337x · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Alderson, R. M., Rapport, M. D., & Kofler, M. J. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9131-6 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Ustun, B., Adler, L. A., Rudin, C., Faraone, S. V., Spencer, T. J., Berglund, P., Gruber, M. J., & Kessler, R. C. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0298 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Nigg, J. T., Goldsmith, H. H., & Sachek, J. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3301_5 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Impaired response inhibition in obsessive compulsive disorder
Penadés, R., Catalán, R., Rubia, K., Andrés, S., Salamero, M., & Gastó, C. (2007) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.05.001 · Cited by 308 · cited 17× · see citing works
“1 demonstrated only fair discriminant validity against measures of GAD, OCD, and a measure of distress.”
BackgroundInfluentialQuinn, P. O., & Madhoo, M. (2014) · The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders · doi:10.4088/pcc.13r01596 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Hirsch, O., Chavanon, M., Riechmann, E., & Christiansen, H. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.007 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
van de Glind, G., van den Brink, W., Koeter, M. W. J., Carpentier, P.-J., van Emmerik-van Oortmerssen, K., Kaye, S., Skutle, A., Bu, E.-T. H., Franck, J., Konstenius, M., et al. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.010 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Childhood abuse and neglect and cognitive flexibility in adolescents
Spann, M. N., Mayes, L. C., Kalmar, J. H., Guiney, J., Womer, F. Y., Pittman, B. P., Mazure, C. M., Sinha, R., & Blumberg, H. P. (2011) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2011.595400 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
(2015) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1084793 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
SUHR, J., HAMMERS, D., DOBBINSBUCKLAND, K., ZIMAK, E., & HUGHES, C. (2008) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2008.05.003 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Response Inhibition and Interference Control in Obsessive–Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
van Velzen, L. S., Vriend, C., de Wit, S. J., & van den Heuvel, O. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00419 · Cited by 159 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Interestingly, these impairments may have similar neurological underpinnings (for a review, see van Velzen et al., 2014).”
BackgroundShi, Y., Hunter Guevara, L. R., Dykhoff, H. J., Sangaralingham, L. R., Phelan, S., Zaccariello, M. J., & Warner, D. O. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.0321 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Trauma and ADHD – Association or Diagnostic Confusion? A Clinical Perspective
Szymanski, K., Sapanski, L., & Conway, F. P. (2011) · Journal of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/15289168.2011.575704 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Surman, C. B. H., Biederman, J., Spencer, T., Yorks, D., Miller, C. A., Petty, C. R., & Faraone, S. V. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10081172 · Cited by 135 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, impairment caused by ADHD may extend into domains beyond Inattention, Hyperactivity, and Impulsivity such as emotional regulation and executive function (Hirsch et al., 2018; Surman et al., 2011).”
BackgroundGlutting, J. J., Youngstrom, E. A., & Watkins, M. W. (2005) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.17.1.44 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
ADHD prevalence and association with hoarding behaviors in childhood-onset OCD
Sheppard, B., Chavira, D., Azzam, A., Grados, M. A., Umaña, P., Garrido, H., & Mathews, C. A. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20691 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Brevik, E. J., Lundervold, A. J., Haavik, J., & Posserud, M. (2020) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1605 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
The WHO Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale: Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version
Kim, J., Lee, E., & Joung, Y. (2013) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2013.10.1.41 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Associations between Polygenic Risk for Psychiatric Disorders and Substance Involvement
Carey, C. E., Arpana Agrawal, A., Bucholz, K. K., Hartz, S. M., Lynskey, M. T., Nelson, E. C., Bierut, L. J., & Bogdan, R. (2016) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2016.00149 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Adler, L. A., Shaw, D. M., Spencer, T. J., Newcorn, J. H., Hammerness, P. G., Sitt, D. J., Minerly, A. C. E., Davidow, J. V., & Faraone, S. V. (2012) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2011.0062 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
El Alaoui, S., Hedman, E., Kaldo, V., Hesser, H., Kraepelien, M., Andersson, E., Rück, C., Andersson, G., Ljótsson, B., & Lindefors, N. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039198 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Rubia, K., Cubillo, A., Woolley, J., Brammer, M. J., & Smith, A. (2011) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21048 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
A preliminary investigation of impulsivity in generalized anxiety disorder
Pawluk, E. J., & Koerner, N. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.027 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Perceptions of girls and ADHD: results from a national survey.
(2004) · PubMed Central · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Jarrett, M. A. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000190 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Barkley, R. A., Knouse, L. E., & Murphy, K. R. (2011) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0022172 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Bramham, J., Murphy, D. G. M., Xenitidis, K., Asherson, P., Hopkin, G., & Young, S. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712000219 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Morin, A. J. S., Tran, A., & Caci, H. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054713488825 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Empirically-informed guidelines for first-time adult ADHD diagnosis
Sibley, M. (2021) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2021.1923665 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Sebastian, A., Gerdes, B., Feige, B., Klöppel, S., Lange, T., Philipsen, A., van Elst, L. T., Lieb, K., & Tüscher, O. (2012) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.02.010 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in an Anxiety Disorders Population
Ameringen, M. V., Mancini, C., Simpson, W. S., & Patterson, B. A. (2010) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00148.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Evidence for a General Factor Model of ADHD in Adults
Gibbins, C., Toplak, M. E., Flora, D. B., Weiss, M. D., & Tannock, R. (2011) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054711416310 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Schneider, L. H., Pawluk, E. J., Milosevic, I., Shnaider, P., Rowa, K., Antony, M. M., Musielak, N., & McCabe, R. E. (2022) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0001059 · Cited by 62 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The DART is an open access semi-structured interview that supports diagnostic assessment of various psychological disorders, with strong initial psychometric validation (Schneider et al., 2022).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSpan, S. A., Earleywine, M., & Strybel, T. Z. (2002) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/a:1015396926356 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Psychogiou, L., Daley, D., Thompson, M. J. J., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2007) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151006x170281 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Clinical anxiety promotes excessive response inhibition
Grillon, C., Robinson, O. J., O'Connell, K., Davis, A., Alvarez, G., Pine, D. S., & Ernst, M. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716002555 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Stanton, K. J., Forbes, M. K., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2018) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000604 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Daigre, C., Roncero, C., Rodríguez-Cintas, L., Ortega, L., Lligoña, A., Fuentes, S., Pérez-Pazos, J., Martínez‐Luna, N., & Casas, M. (2014) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714529819 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The ASRS-6 Has Two Latent Factors
Hesse, M. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054711430330 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Performance of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale-v1.1 in Adults with Major Depressive Disorder
Dunlop, B., Wu, R., & Helms, K. (2018) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs8040037 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Beyond Symptoms: Race and Gender Predict Anxiety Disorder Diagnosis
Vanderminden, J., & Esala, J. J. (2018) · Society and Mental Health · doi:10.1177/2156869318811435 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Maric, M., Bexkens, A., & Bögels, S. M. (2018) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-018-0255-8 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Safren, S., Lanka, G. D., Otto, M. W., & Pollack, M. (2001) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.1036 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Investigation of response inhibition in obsessive-compulsive disorder using the Hayling task
der Linden, M. V., Ceschi, G., Zermatten, A., Dunker, D., & Perroud, A. (2005) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617705050927 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Pehlivanidis, A., Papanikolaou, K., Spyropoulou, A., & Papadimitriou, G. (2014) · International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice · doi:10.3109/13651501.2014.941878 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Proctor, B. E., & Prevatt, F. F. (2009) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219408331043 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The Conners' 10‐item scale: findings in a total population of Swedish 10–11‐year‐old children
Westerlund, J., Ek, U., Holmberg, K., Näswall, K., & Fernell, E. (2009) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.01214.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Diagnostic Assessment Research Tool
McCabe, R. E., DART Working Group, Milošević, I., et al. (2017) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t81500-000 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationCarlucci, S., Ivanova, I. V., Bissada, H., & Tasca, G. A. (2017) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2017.03.010 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Examining the validity of the ADHD concept in adults and older adults
Callahan, B. L., & Plamondon, A. (2019) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852918001190 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Harrison, A. G., Beal, A. L., & Armstrong, I. T. (2021) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2021.1943396 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Elevated levels of hoarding in ADHD: A special link with inattention
Morein‐Zamir, S., Kasese, M., Chamberlain, S. R., & Trachtenberg, E. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.12.024 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Structure of Adult ADHD Symptoms
Park, J. L., Silveira, M. M., Elliott, M., Savalei, V., & Johnston, C. (2018) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-018-9698-y · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Validity and Reliability of Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale Thai Version (ASRS-V1.1 TH).
Kiatrungrit, K., Putthisri, S., Hongsanguansri, S., Wisajan, P., & Jullagate, S. (2017) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.217021 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Gomez, R., & Stavropoulos, V. (2020) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191120905892 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Attentional functions and trait anxiety in children with ADHD
Rodríguez, C., Castro, P. G., García, T., Núñez, J. C., & Álvarez, L. (2014) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2014.07.010 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Suhr, J. A., Lee, G. J., & Harrison, A. G. (2020) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2020.1817564 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Gomez, R., Liu, L., Krueger, R. F., Stavropoulos, V., Downs, J. A., Preece, D. A., Houghton, S. J., & Chen, W. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.666326 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale: Comprehensive Psychometric Study in a Spanish SUD Sample
Lozano, Ó. M., Carmona, J., Muñoz-Silva, A., Fernández-Calderón, F., Díaz-Batanero, C., & Sanchez-Garcia, M. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716664410 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The factor structure of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in schoolchildren
Arildskov, T. W., Virring, A., Lambek, R., Carlsen, A. H., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Østergaard, S. D., & Thomsen, P. H. (2022) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104220 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Knouse, L. E., Sprich, S. E., Cooper‐Vince, C. E., & Safren, S. A. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.).
- Dray S. Campbell M. Gilmore L. (2006). Why are girls with ADHD invisible? Connections, 23(2), 2– 7.
- World Health Organization. (1993). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research (Vol. 2).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Müller, V., Mellor, D., & Pikó, B. F. (2024) · Learning Disabilities Research & Practice · doi:10.1177/09388982241271511 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives
Bogdańska-Chomczyk, E., Majewski, M. K., & Kozłowska, A. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262211020 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Notably, many individuals treated exclusively for depression or anxiety continue to experience disabling attentional symptoms, delaying recovery [106,112].”
- Authors
- Alarachi, A., Merrifield, C., Rowa, K., & McCabe, R. E.
- Affiliations
- St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Alarachi, Arij
- Venue
- Assessment
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2024-01-30
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1508-1524
- ISSN
- 1073-1911 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3489
- PMC
- PMC11409565
- OpenAlex
- W4391360113
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 3
- FWCI
- 5.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Assessment (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- adult ADHD, anxiety disorders, Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, factor structure, discriminant validity, symptom overlap, inattention, impulsivity, hyperactivity, differential diagnosis, ADHD screening
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Diagnosis, Differential, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult, Self Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
