Disorganized attachment and personality functioning in adults: A latent class analysis.
Open accessAbstract
Though researchers have attended to disorganized attachment in infants and children, they have infrequently focused on the character of disorganized attachment in adults. In this study, we aimed to identify clusters of participants based on attachment levels and styles, seeking to better delineate severity and stylistic differences in disorganized attachment than has been previously articulated. We used a new assessment approach focused on a hierarchy of attachment organization, including secure, insecure (dismissive and preoccupied), rigid-controlling (hostile control and compulsive caregiving), and disorganized (contradictory, impoverished, and unresolved) levels of attachment. Clinical evaluators used information from diagnostic and attachment-based interviews to rate participants on each of these aspects of attachment. Latent class analysis (LCA) revealed a 4-class solution, including a secure (n = 33), insecure (n = 110), and 2 disorganized classes. One disorganized class (disorganized-oscillating) was characterized by elevations on contradictory and preoccupied styles (n = 77) and another (disorganized-impoverished) showed elevations on impoverished and dismissive styles (n = 53). The disorganized-oscillating class exhibited elevated personality disorder (PD) severity and general symptom severity, borderline personality disorder (BPD), histrionic, and antisocial dimensional scores, and the most severe identity disturbance compared with the other classes. The impoverished-dismissive class exhibited the highest avoidant and schizoid PD dimensional scores of the classes, and higher PD severity compared with the insecure and secure classes. These results highlight the possibility of identifying distinct classes of attachment organization, differentiated both by aspects of severity and interpersonal style. They also shed light on the manifestation of attachment disorganization in adults. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Litam, S. D. A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197762677.005.0001
Litam, S. D. A. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197762677.001.0001
Nadal, K. L. Y. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197762677.002.0006
Understanding Historical Trauma and Scarcity Mindsets
Litam, S. D. A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197762677.003.0002
Litam, S. D. A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197762677.002.0003
Pattern-Breaking Strategies for Self-Nourishment
Litam, S. D. A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197762677.003.0009
Litam, S. D. A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197762677.002.0007
Litam, S. D. A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197762677.002.0004
Breaking the Silence About Unhelpful Patterns and Mental Health
Litam, S. D. A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197762677.003.0001
Litam, S. D. A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197762677.002.0011
Insecure Attachment Styles Among Asian Americans
Litam, S. D. A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197762677.003.0005
Identifying and Challenging Sexual Scripts
Litam, S. D. A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197762677.003.0006
Litam, S. D. A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197762677.003.0007
Patterns That Remain Among Asian Americans
Litam, S. D. A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197762677.003.0003
Childhood Attachment Wounds in Adult Relationships
Litam, S. D. A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197762677.003.0004
Gander, M. (2024) · Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie · doi:10.13109/prkk.2024.73.8.683
Nel, K. A., & Govender, S. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-76665-7_68-1
Nel, K. A., & Govender, S. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-94512-0_68
Attached to success: the impact of attachment styles on career resources and satisfaction
Agarwal, P. (2026) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-08-2025-5890
Sawaya, M., Brome, D., & Merhej, R. (2026) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-026-00193-8
Bellis, B. D., Huguley, J. P., & Vaughn, R. (2026) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605261434050
Investigating a Common Structure of Personality Pathology and AttachmentPreprint
South, S. C., & Smith, M. S. (2023) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Laskowski, N. M., Brandt, G., Lieb, M., & Paslakis, G. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9912573/v1
Bjornsen, C. A., & Harbaugh, A. G. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0359569
- Authors
- Beeney, J. E., Wright, A. G. C., Stepp, S. D., Hallquist, M. N., Lazarus, S. A., Beeney, J. R. S., Scott, L. N., & Pilkonis, P. A.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment
- Published
- 2017-07
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 206-216
- ISSN
- 1949-2715 (ISSN-L)
- 1949-2723
- PMC
- PMC5026862
- OpenAlex
- W2330263000
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 8.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (F32 MH102895, L30 MH101760, R01 MH05688)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- disorganized attachment, adult attachment, attachment organization, attachment styles, personality disorder severity, borderline personality disorder, identity disturbance, attachment avoidance, histrionic personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Borderline Personality Disorder, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Object Attachment, Personality Disorders, Social Perception, Young Adult
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