The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Functional intimacy: Needing—But not wanting—The touch of a stranger.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Yet simulated intimacy carries risks of distorted judgement, emotional manipulation, and dependency (Chen et al. 2025;Gersen 2019;Schroeder et al. 2017;Su et al. 2019).”
From Not a Silver Bullet for Loneliness: How Attachment and Age Shape Intimacy with AI Companions (2026) · cites this paper as Schroeder et al. 2017
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Lending a Hand: Social Regulation of the Neural Response to Threat
Coan, J. A., Schaefer, H. S., & Davidson, R. J. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01832.x · Cited by 1,218
Relationship Between Burnout and Professional Conduct and Attitudes Among US Medical Students
Dyrbye, L. N., Massie, F. S., Eacker, A., Harper, W., Power, D., Durning, S. J., Thomas, M. R., Moutier, C., Satele, D., Sloan, J., et al. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1318 · Cited by 896
Shanafelt, T. D., Sloan, J. A., & Habermann, T. M. (2003) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(03)00117-7 · Cited by 813
Fitzsimons, G. M., Finkel, E. J., & vanDellen, M. R. (2015) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0039654 · Cited by 448
Self–focused attention and emotional reactivity: The role of culture
Chentsova-Dutton, Y. E., & Tsai, J. L. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018534 · Cited by 185
Saving Face for Darwin: The Functions and Uses of Embarrassment
Keltner, D., & Anderson, C. (2000) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00091 · Cited by 148
Research works printed but not linked: 49
- Andersen, P. A. (1985). Nonverbal immediacy in interpersonal communi- cation. In A. W. Siegman & S. Feldstein (Eds.), Multichannel integra- tions of nonverbal behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Berg, J. H. (1984). The development of friendship between roommates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 346 -356. http://dx .doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.2.346 · DOI
- Burgoon, H. K., & Jones, S. B. (1976). Toward a theory of personal space expectations and their violations. Human Communication Research, 2, 131-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1976.tb00706.x · DOI
- Cacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2006). Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symp- toms: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and Aging, 21, 140 -151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140 · DOI · Paper page
- Cappella, J., & Greene, J. (1982). A discrepancy-arousal explanation of mutual influence in expressive behavior for adult and infant-adult in- teractions. Communication Monographs, 49, 89 -114. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/03637758209376074 · DOI
- Carver, C. S., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2009). Anger is an approach-related affect: Evidence and implications. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 183- 204.
- Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319 -333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.319 · DOI · Paper page
- Chan, C. K., & Anteby, M. (2016). Task segregation as a mechanism for within-job inequality: Women and men of the transportation security administration. Administrative Science Quarterly, 61, 184 -216.
- Clark, M. S., & Reis, H. T. (1988). Interpersonal processes in close relationships. Annual Review of Psychology, 39, 609 -672. http://dx.doi .org/10.1146/annurev.ps.39.020188.003141 · DOI
- Cohen, L. J., & Roth, S. (1987). The psychological aftermath of rape: Long-term effects and individual differences in recovery. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 5, 525-534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/ jscp.1987.5.4.525 · DOI
- Debrot, A., Schoebi, D., Perrez, M., & Horn, A. B. (2013). Touch as an interpersonal emotion regulation process in couples' daily lives: The mediating role of psychological intimacy. Personality and Social Psy- chology Bulletin, 39, 1373-1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 0146167213497592 · DOI
- Eisenberg, N. (2000). Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 665-697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev .psych.51.1.665 This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. · DOI · Paper page
- Ellsworth, P. C., Carlsmith, J. M., & Henson, A. (1972). The stare as a stimulus to flight in human subjects: A series of field experiments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 302-311. http://dx .doi.org/10.1037/h0032323 · DOI
- Fishbach, A., & Shah, J. Y. (2006). Self-control in action: Implicit dispo- sitions toward goals and away from temptations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 820 -832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.90.5.820 · DOI
- Fitzsimons, G. M., & Fishbach, A. (2010). Shifting closeness: Interper- sonal effects of personal goal progress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 535-549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018581 · DOI
- Fitzsimons, G. M., & Shah, J. Y. (2009). Confusing one instrumental other for another: Goal effects on social categorization. Psychological Sci- ence, 20, 1468 -1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009 .02475.x · DOI
- Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T.-A. (1997). Objectification theory: To- ward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173-206. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x · DOI · Paper page
- Gable, S. L., Reis, H. T., & Elliot, A. J. (2000). Behavioral activation and inhibition in everyday life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychol- ogy, 78, 1135-1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.6.1135 · DOI · Paper page
- Gaebelein, J. W. (1976). Self-disclosure among friends, acquaintances, and strangers. Psychological Reports, 38, 967-970. http://dx.doi.org/10 .2466/pr0.1976.38.3.967 · DOI
- Gruenfeld, D. H., Inesi, M. E., Magee, J. C., & Galinsky, A. D. (2008). Power and the objectification of social targets. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 111-127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.95.1.111 · DOI
- Guerrero, L. K., & Andersen, P. A. (1991). The waxing and waning of relational intimacy: Touch as a function of relational stage, gender, and touch avoidance. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 8, 147- 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407591082001 · DOI
- Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Condi- tional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Hendrick, S. S., Hendrick, C., & Adler, N. L. (1988). Romantic relation- ships: Love, satisfaction, and staying together. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 980 -988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.54.6.980 · DOI
- Holt-Lunstad, J., Birmingham, W. A., & Light, K. C. (2008). Influence of a "warm touch" support enhancement intervention among married cou- ples on ambulatory blood pressure, oxytocin, alpha amylase, and corti- sol. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70, 976 -985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ PSY.0b013e318187aef7 · DOI · Paper page
- Jakubiak, B. K., & Feeney, B. C. (2016). Keep in touch: The effects of imagined touch support on stress and exploration. Journal of Experi- mental Social Psychology, 65, 59 -67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp .2016.04.001 · DOI
- Jourard, S. M. (1971). Self-disclosure: An experimental analysis of the transparent self. New York, NY: Wiley.
- Kruglanski, A. W., Shah, J. Y., Fishbach, A., Friedman, R. S., Chun, W. Y., & Sleeth-Keppler, D. (2002). A theory of goal systems: Impli- cations for social cognition, affect, and action. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, 34, 331-376, New York, NY: Academic Press.
- Lewin, K. (1935). A dynamic theory of personality. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
- Martini, S., Arfken, C. L., Churchill, A., & Balon, R. (2004). Burnout comparison among residents in different medical specialties. Academic Psychiatry, 28, 240 -242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ap.28.3.240 · DOI
- McAdams, D. P., & Vaillant, G. E. (1982). Intimacy motivation and psychosocial adjustment: A longitudinal study. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46, 586 -593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s1532775 2jpa4606_5 · DOI
- McDougall, E. E., Langille, D. B., Steenbeck, A. A., Asbridge, M., & Andreou, P. (2016). The relationship between non-consensual sex and risk of depression in female undergraduates at universities in maritime Canada. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516675468 · DOI
- Mehrabian, A. (1968). Some referents and measures of nonverbal behavior. Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation, 1, 203-207. http://dx .doi.org/10.3758/BF03208096 · DOI
- Miller, N. (1944). Experimental studies of conflict. In J. Hunt (Ed.), Personality and the behavior disorders (pp. 431-465). Oxford, England: Ronald Press.
- Morton, T. L. (1978). Intimacy and reciprocity of exchange: A comparison of spouses and strangers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 72-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.36.1.72 · DOI
- Nussbaum, M. C. (1999). Sex and social justice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Oreskovich, M. R., Kaups, K. L., Balch, C. M., Hanks, J. B., Satele, D., Sloan, J., . . . Shanafelt, T. D. (2012). Prevalence of alcohol use disorders among American surgeons. Archives of Surgery, 147, 168 -174. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.2011.1481 · DOI
- Patterson, M. L. (1973). Compensation in nonverbal immediacy behaviors: A review. Sociometry, 36, 237-252. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2786569 · DOI
- Patterson, M. L. (1976). An arousal model of interpersonal intimacy. Psychological Review, 83, 235-245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033- 295X.83.3.235 · DOI
- Patterson, M. L. (1988). Function of nonverbal behavior in close relation- ships. In S. W. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships. New York, NY: Wiley.
- Patterson, M. L., Mullens, S., & Romano, J. (1971). Compensatory reac- tions to spatial intrusion. Sociometry, 34, 114 -121. http://dx.doi.org/10 .2307/2786354 · DOI
- Prager, K. J., & Roberts, L. J. (2004). Deep intimate connection: Self and intimacy in couple relationships. In D. J. Mashek & A. Aron (Eds.), Handbook of closeness and intimacy (pp. 43-60). Mahwah, NJ: Law- rence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
- Reis, H. T., & Shaver, P. (1988). Intimacy as an interpersonal process. In S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships (pp. 367-389). Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons.
- Rubin, H., & Campbell, L. (2012). Day-to-day changes in intimacy predict heightened relationship passion, sexual occurrence, and sexual satisfac- tion: A dyadic diary analysis. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3, 224 -231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550611416520 · DOI
- Schroeder, J., & Fishbach, A. (2015). The "empty vessel" physician: Physicians' instrumentality makes them seem personally empty. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6, 940 -949. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1177/1948550615597976 · DOI
- Sexton, R. E., & Sexton, V. S. (1982). Intimacy: A historical perspective. In M. Fisher & G. Strieker (Eds.), Intimacy (pp. 1-20). New York, NY: Plenum Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4160-4_1 · DOI
- Shanafelt, T. D., Boone, S., Tan, L., Dyrbye, L. N., Sotile, W., Satele, D., . . . Oreskovich, M. R. (2012). Burnout and satisfaction with work-life balance among US physicians relative to the general US population. This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. Archives of Internal Medicine, 172, 1377-1385. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1001/archinternmed.2012.3199 · DOI · Paper page
- Triandis, H. C., Davis, E. E., & Takezawa, S.-I. (1965). Some determinants of social distance among American, German, and Japanese students. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 540 -551. http://dx.doi .org/10.1037/h0022481 · DOI
- Weitz, S. (Ed.), (1974). Nonverbal communication: Readings with com- mentary. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Zhou, H., & Fishbach, A. (2016). The pitfall of experimenting on the web: How unattended selective attrition leads to surprising (yet false) research conclusions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111, 493- 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The AI-mediated intimacy economy: a paradigm shift in digital interactions
Bozdağ, A. A. (2025) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-024-02132-6 · Cited by 42
Not a Silver Bullet for Loneliness: How Attachment and Age Shape Intimacy with AI Companions
Ciriello, R., Gal, U., & Turel, O. (2026) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.12476 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Schroeder, J., Fishbach, A., Schein, C., & Gray, K.
- ORCID
- Gray, Kurt
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2017-12
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 910-924
- ISSN
- 1939-1315
- 0022-3514
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 6
- Language
- en
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review