Saving Face for Darwin: The Functions and Uses of Embarrassment
Abstract
In this article, we review diverse studies of the antecedents, facial display, and social consequences of embarrassment. These studies indicate that embarrassment serves an appeasement function, reconciling social relations when they have gone awry. We then speculate about how embarrassment is elaborated into more complex social interactions, such as teasing and flirtation. We conclude by raising questions about the blush and embarrassment that await empirical consideration.
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Humans share expressions of embarrassment with other mammals: face touching paired with downward head movements and eye gaze.
“Likewise, humans share expressions of embarrassment with other mammals: face touching paired with downward head movements and eye gaze (Keltner, 1995;Keltner and Anderson, 2000;Keltner and Buswell, 1997).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Keltner and Anderson, 2000
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- Authors
- Keltner, D., & Anderson, C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Keltner, Dacher
- Venue
- Current Directions in Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2000-12
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 187-192
- ISSN
- 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8721
- OpenAlex
- W2109682219
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 4.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Directions in Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- embarrassment, facial expressions, appeasement, social reconciliation, facial displays, teasing, flirting, Darwinian theory of emotion, evolutionary psychology of emotion
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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