Cohesion in group therapy: A meta-analysis.
Abstract
Cohesion is the most popular of the relationship constructs in the group therapy literature. This article reviews common definitions of cohesion, the most frequently studied measures, and a measure that may clarify group relations using two latent factors (quality and structure) to explain common variance among frequently used group relationship instruments. We present the results of a meta-analysis examining the relation between group cohesion and treatment outcome in 55 studies. Results indicate that the weighted aggregate correlation between cohesion and treatment outcome was statistically significant, r = .26, z = 6.54 (p < .01), reflecting a moderate effect size (d = .56). Heterogeneity of effect sizes was significant (Q = 260.84, df = 54, p < .001) and high (I2 = 79.3%), supporting moderator analyses. Six moderator variables were found to significantly predict the magnitude of the cohesion-outcome association (type of outcome measure, leader interventions to increase cohesion, theoretical orientation, type of group, emphasis on group interaction, and dose or number of group sessions). Patient contributions, diversity considerations, and evidence-based therapeutic practices are highlighted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Offering a therapeutic treatment program in a group, provided that the group dynamics are used adequately, has been found to strengthen the result of the treatment.
“Offering a therapeutic treatment program in a group, provided that the group dynamics are used adequately, has been found to strengthen the result of the treatment (Burlingame et al., 2018).”
From A Novel Psychological Group Intervention Targeting Appearance-Related Distress Among People With a Visible Disfigurement (Inside Out): A Case Study (2023) · cites this paper as Burlingame et al., 2018
Variation in therapists' ability to form an effective alliance and variation in group cohesion have been proposed as common factors that may underlie these effects.
“Variance in therapists’ ability to form an effective therapeutic alliance70 and variance in group cohesion69,71 have been offered as common factors that might underlie these effects.”
From A common factors perspective on mindfulness-based interventions (2022) · cites this paper as [71]
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BackgroundComparative Efficacy of Online vs. Face-to-Face Group Interventions: A Systematic Review
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Schaffer, K. M., & Henry, M. L. (2022) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2022.2076281 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Beyond time considerations, keeping support groups small fosters group cohesion (Burlingame et al., 2018; Oesterheld et al., 1987) and minimizes attrition (Yalom & Leszcz, 2005).”
BackgroundRuptures and repairs of group therapy alliance. An untold story in psychotherapy research
Coco, G. L., Tasca, G. A., Hewitt, P. L., Mikail, S. F., & Kivlighan, D. M. (2019) · Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2019.352 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Bryde Christensen, A., Wahrén, S., Reinholt, N., Poulsen, S., Hvenegaard, M., Simonsen, E., & Arnfred, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18105324 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The same meta-analysis found that the group–outcome relation was stronger in therapies that had an explicit focus on group processes compared with problem-focused groups such as CBT [7].”
BackgroundResultVermeulen-Oskam, E., Franklin, C., Hof, L. P. M. V., Stams, G. J. J. M., van Vugt, E., Assink, M., Veltman, E., Froerer, A. S., Staaks, J. P. C., & Zhang, A. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102512 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Group Psychotherapy as a Specialty: An Inconvenient Truth
Whittingham, M., Lefforge, N. L., & Marmarosh, C. L. (2021) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20200037 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hülquist, J., Fangerau, N., Thomasius, R., & Paschke, K. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159495 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Moreover, taking into account the psychosocial burden that an adolescent’s PG means for parents [37], a program for strengthening personal and parental skills, providing information, and encouraging the exchange of experiences within a parental peer group has the potential to enhance self-efficacy and problem solving…”
Background‘Isolated together’: online group treatments during the COVID-19 pandemic. A systematic review
Margherita, G., Muzii, B., Caffieri, A., Francia, A. D., & Somma, B. (2022) · Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2022.639 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Schore, A. N. (2019) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.2019.1682460 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Furthermore, group cohesion describes forces that cause members to remain in the group, or “sticking togetherness” (Burlingame et al., 2018, p. 384).”
BackgroundInfluentialBrinchmann, B. S., & Krvavac, S. (2021) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-021-00412-w · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Finazzi, E., & MacBeth, A. M. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2650 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Wood, L. L., White, S., Gervais, D., Owen, M., Moore, S., Boylan, Z., Cosby, O., Ansted, J., Capitman, J., Ciempa, T., et al. (2020) · Drama Therapy Review · doi:10.1386/dtr_00025_1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Gilbert, P., Basran, J. K., Raven, J., Gilbert, H., Petrocchi, N., Cheli, S., Rayner, A., Hayes, A., Lucre, K., Minou, P., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.841932 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Emerging interventions for moral injury: expanding pathways to moral healing
Evans, W. R., Smigelsky, M. A., Frankfurt, S. B., Antal, C. J., Yeomans, P. D., Check, C., & Bhatt-Mackin, S. M. (2023) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-023-00303-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Analogous to the treatment alliance in individual psychotherapy, group cohesion has the most robust relationship with positive outcomes in group psychotherapy [43] and this relationship is even stronger in therapy groups where the therapist fosters cohesion [44].”
Alliance Rupture Detection and Repair in Group Therapy: Using the Group Questionnaire--GQ
Burlingame, G. M., Alldredge, C. T., & Arnold, R. A. (2021) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.2020.1844010 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationEngaging Marginalized Youth in Positive Development: The Changing Lives Program
Eichas, K., Montgomery, M. J., Meca, A., Garcia, A. J., & Garcia, A. (2021) · Springer series on child and family studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70262-5_29 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ruptures and repairs in group psychotherapy: Introduction to the special issue.
Marmarosh, C. L. (2021) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/gdn0000150 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Hutchinson, J. K., Jones, F., & Griffith, G. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01596-7 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Graf, D., Sigrist, C., Boege, I., Cavelti, M., Koenig, J., & Kaess, M. (2024) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03448-2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“These included distinct treatment elements such as structured daily routines, group therapy and opportunities for bonding with other patients, which have also been reported as important in the treatment of children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders [85, 86].”
BackgroundNeue Entwicklungen in der Gruppenpsychotherapieforschung – ein Update
Strauss, B. M., Burlingame, G. M., & Rosendahl, J. (2020) · Psychotherapeut · doi:10.1007/s00278-020-00430-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Fortschritt an denTherapeuten signalisieren, auch im Gruppenkontext erprobten (Burlingame et al. 2018a).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMcEvoy, P. M., Bendlin, M., Johnson, A. R., Kazantzis, N., Campbell, B. N. C., Bank, S. R., & Egan, S. J. (2023) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2022.2161966 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…attention to cohesion in sessions (e.g., planned group processes to enhance group safety and cohesion, encouragement to interact with other group members), and more group sessions are associated with higher cohesion which, in turn, is associated with improved outcomes (Burlingame et al., 2018).”
BackgroundKeum, B. T., & Miller, M. J. (2019) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000390 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Negative effects during multicomponent group-based treatment: A multisite study
Pourová, M., Řiháček, T., Chvála, Ľ., Vybíral, Z., & Boehnke, J. R. (2022) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2022.2095237 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Furthermore, group cohesion is an important indicator of the overall group climate (Ogrodniczuk et al., 2006; Wongpakaran et al., 2013), and low group cohesion may jeopardize therapeutic outcomes (Burlingame et al., 2018; Joyce et al., 2007).”
BackgroundThe Critical Role and Effects of Patient-Centered Communication in Psychotherapy: A Narrative Review
Niu, Y., Sun, J., Zhu, K., Xu, B., Zhang, Y., & Peng, M. (2025) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s528343 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ruptures and Repairs in Group Psychotherapy: From Theory to Practice
Marmarosh, C. L. (2021) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.2020.1855893 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Group researchers have studied the alliance (Alldredge et al., in press) and cohesion (Burlingame et al., 2018) as they relate to positive outcome in group therapy.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Future of Group Therapy Is Bright!
Burlingame, G. (2022) · International journal of group psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.2022.2133717 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…measures 48.4% −0.04 Non-identical treatments 48.4% −0.04 Primary measures 47.6% −0.06 Secondary measures 47.6% −0.06 *Percentages less than 50% favor individual therapy. comes to common factors, cohesion explains nearly 25% of client improvement in interpersonal groups (Burlingame et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationBjaastad, J. F., Gjestad, R., Fjermestad, K. W., Öst, L., Haugland, B. S. M., Kodal, A., Heiervang, E. R., & Wergeland, G. J. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-023-01028-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“There is less room for individual therapist-patient relations in GCBT, and other processes such as group cohesion may be more relevant process variables in this format (Burlingame et al., 2018).”
BackgroundPreuhs, K., Velderman, M. K., & van Empelen, P. (2023) · Interactive Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.2196/43783 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Identifying Ruptures and Repairs in Alliance-Focused Training Group Supervision
Eubanks, C. F., Warren, J. T., & Muran, J. C. (2020) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.2020.1805618 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Group cohesion is the most widely studied relationship construct in the group therapy literature (Burlingame et al., 2018).”
BackgroundBunn, M., Marsh, J. C., & Haidar, A. (2021) · The Journal for Specialists in Group Work · doi:10.1080/01933922.2021.2000084 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“In the broader group therapy literature, research has found that positive group cohesion predicts outcomes in domains of mental health, self-esteem, and interpersonal problems (Burlingame et al., 2018; Johnson et al., 2005).”
BackgroundWISE: A Support Group for Graduate and Post-Graduate Women in STEM
Gold, J. A., Jia, L. S., Bentzley, J. P., Bonnet, K. A., Franciscus, A. M., Denduluri, M. S., & Zappert, L. T. (2020) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.2020.1722674 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Structured group psychotherapies: Advantages, challenges, and possibilities
Kealy, D., & Kongerslev, M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23377 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Leeuwerik, T., Caradonna, G., Cavanagh, K., Forrester, E., Jones, A.-M., Lea, L., Rosten, C., & Strauss, C. (2022) · Psychology and psychotherapy · doi:10.1111/papt.12430 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Overall, group processes appeared to create a unique group ‘climate’ (Tasca et al., 2006; Paquin & Kivlighan, 2016) or ‘cohesion’ (e.g. Burlingame et al., 2018; Kobak et al., 1995) that could promote or inhibit engagement in ERP.”
BackgroundBeck, A. K., Waks, S., Argent, A., Deane, F. P., Larance, B., Manning, V., Baker, A., Hides, L. M., & Kelly, P. J. (2023) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104174 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bourvis, N., Cohen, D., & Benarous, X. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12206668 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“For adolescents, it has been argued that group cohesion is very important and related, even more so than for adults, to achieving positive outcomes for a range of different conditions [42].”
BackgroundVigod, S. N., Cook, G. S., Macdonald, K., Hussain‐Shamsy, N., Brown, H. K., de Oliveira, C., Torshizi, K., Benipal, P. K., Grigoriadis, S., Classen, C. C., et al. (2021) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23163 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Fiaz, S., & Fahim, S. M. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15523 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Cohesion refers to the balanced distance among members [33,34].”
BackgroundFerizaj, D., Lalk, C., Lahmann, N., Strube‐Lahmann, S., & Rubel, J. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1503427 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Grassi, L. G., Sabato, S., Caruso, R., Tiberto, E., Padova, S. D., Ruffilli, F., Folesani, F., Nanni, M. G., Murri, M. B., Zerbinati, L., et al. (2021) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951521000936 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“All the issues we have discussed indicate the importance of the group experience, where the sense of togetherness contrasts the insidious challenges of cancer experience (Burlingame et al., 2018; Kissane, 2021).”
BackgroundTucker, J. R., Wade, N. G., Abraham, W. T., Bitman, R. L., Cornish, M. A., & Post, B. C. (2019) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000403 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Robertson, A. M., Cruwys, T., Stevens, M. R., & Platow, M. J. (2025) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12759 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Alliance and cohesion have long been recognized as key to unlocking positive therapeutic outcomes (Ardito & Rabellino, 2011; Burlingame et al., 2018).”
Kivlighan, D. M., Gullo, S., Giordano, C., Blasi, M. D., Giannone, F., & Coco, G. L. (2020) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000495 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Bakland, M., Rosenvinge, J. H., Wynn, R., Sørlie, V. M., Sundgot‐Borgen, J., Mathisen, T. F., Hanssen, T. A., Jensen, F., Innjord, K., & Pettersen, G. (2020) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2020.1731994 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Siemann, I., Custers, J., van den Heuvel-Djulic, S., Pouwels, S., Kwakkenbos, L., & Spillekom-van Koulil, S. (2023) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2022.03.005 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Group-Based Interventions in Lifestyle Medicine
Tran, V. T., Vaughan, E. M., Kim, S., & Johnston, C. A. (2024) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276241242340 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“13 To achieve this, fostering an environment is key, promoting a sense of belonging and identi fi cation with the group, which is especially important in the early stages.”
Fjermestad, K. W., Wallin, M. H., Naujokat, F., McLeod, B. D., Silverman, W. K., Öst, L., Lerner, M. D., Heiervang, E. R., & Wergeland, G. J. (2024) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2024.2385906 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Burlingame et al., 2018).”
InfluentialStronger together: perspectives on gratitude social processes in group interventions for adolescents
Wong, Y. J., Pandelios, A. L., Carlock, K., & Thielmeyer, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1476511 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Twomey, C. D., & Dowling, C. (2025) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.2025.2456020 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Table 1 outlines the characteristics of the 17 included studies (An & Kivlighan, 2023; Burlingame et al., 2011, 2018; Butryn et al., 2014; Daley et al., 1983; Dueweke et al., 2022; Gilpin et al., 2022; Kivlighan et al., 2014, 2020; Lo Coco et al., 2013; Marziliano et al., 2018; McLaughlin et al.,…”
Miegel, F. S., Scheunemann, J., Pampuch, S., Schultz, J., Hansen, B. K. A., Hagen, K., Gallinat, J., Zapf, A., Yassari, A. H., & Jelinek, L. (2025) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000545178 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Lastly, group cohesion, a well-documented factor in group-based interventions [24], might be highly relevant in cERP as patients collectively tackle challenging ERPs, fostering a sense of unity and mutual support.”
Henderson, T., Bingham, J., Hoose, G., Paxton, T., Thackeray, M., Alldredge, C. T., & Burlingame, G. M. (2025) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.2025.2499046 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“This procedure, and resulting heterogeneity in measurement, is typical of recently published meta-analyses (e.g., Alldredge et al., 2021; Burlingame et al., 2018; Lo Coco et al., 2022), including heterogeneity in outcome measures.”
InfluentialSelf-citationLeiderman, L. M., & Klein, R. H. (2021) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.2021.1991234 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…an approach is consistent with accumulating empirical evidence on the value of the therapeutic relationship (DeAngelis, 2019), cohesiveness, and interpersonal learning, all of which have been correlated with successful outcome in group psychotherapy (Burlingame et al., 2018; Yalom & Leszcz, 2020).”
ResultMatherne, C. E., Watson, H. J., Fassnacht, D. B., Ali, K., Zerwas, S. C., Peat, C. M., Runfola, C. D., Levine, M. D., Marcus, M. D., Zimmer, B., et al. (2022) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2898 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Meng, X., & Chan, A. H. S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192114599 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The former refers to the relation of harmony and cooperation among organizational members [25,26].”
BackgroundBaker, J. C., Grover, S. G., Gunn, L. H., Charles, C., Rikli, H., Franks, M. J., Khazem, L. R., Williams, S. R. M., Ammendola, E., Washington, C., et al. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05282-x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Group therapy can also build cohesion among patients, leading to better outcomes [17].”
BackgroundBranitsky, A., Longden, E., Bucci, S., Morrison, A. P., & Varese, F. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/51694 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Bosma, R. L., Rosenbloom, B. N., Burke, E., Aquino, C., Stanley, C., Coombs, K., Nella, A., James, S., Clarke, H. A., Flamer, D., et al. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1080/24740527.2024.2337074 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“18,19 To tackle the complexity of the patient population, further specialized resources that combine both pain and mental health care are required.”
BackgroundA Brief History of Group Therapy as a Field and the Representation of Women in Its Development
Paquin, J. D., Abegunde, C., Hahn, A., & Fassinger, R. E. (2020) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.2020.1798176 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Suc, A., Cayzac, D., Iannuzzi, S., Garnier, C., Bonneau, B., & Sommet, A. (2022) · Archives de Pédiatrie · doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2022.06.006 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Instrumente und Materialien zur Unterstützung gruppenpsychotherapeutischer Praxis
Strauss, B. M. (2020) · Psychotherapeut · doi:10.1007/s00278-020-00433-x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In neuen Studien wurden als die am häufigstengenutzten Instrumente zurErfassung von Prozessaspekten inGruppen dasWorkingAlliance Inventar(WAI),die Empathie-Skala (ES), die Kurzform des Gruppenklimafragebogens (GCQ) sowie die Kohäsionsskala aus dem Therapeutic Factors Inventory (TFI) identifiziert.”
BackgroundInfluentialItalian adaptation of the Group Questionnaire: validity and factorial structure
Giannone, F., Guarnaccia, C., Gullo, S., Blasi, M. D., Giordano, C., Coco, G. L., & Burlingame, G. M. (2020) · Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2020.443 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationBeck, A. K., Larance, B., Deane, F. P., Baker, A., Manning, V., Hides, L. M., Shakeshaft, A. P., Argent, A., & Kelly, P. J. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108814 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
MDMA-Assisted Group Therapy for PTSD: Development of a Novel Protocol
Stauffer, C. S., Bouleh, P., & Anderson, B. T. (2025) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2025.03.001 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wechselseitige Effekte von Gruppenkohäsion und Symptomen
Dinger, U., Zilcha‐Mano, S., & Schauenburg, H. (2020) · Psychotherapeut · doi:10.1007/s00278-020-00436-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Yegüez, C. E., Ogle, R. R., Jusko, M. L., Melendez, R., & Sibley, M. H. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02384-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“, cohesion) on functional outcomes (Burlingame et al., 2018; Karver et al., 2018), social skills, and internalizing symptoms within group-based treatments for ADHD.”
BackgroundKivlighan, D. M., Ali, R. W., & Garrison, Y. L. (2019) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000244 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kennedy, A., Gray, C., Sheridan, N., Dunn, L. C., Stewart, J., Drouin, S., Elliott, H., Adeponle, A. B., Barrowman, N. J., Sucha, E., et al. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-025-00941-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Moreover, a meta-analysis of group cohesion in adult group therapy interventions previously found a mildly positive correlation between cohesion and outcomes in groups containing 5–9 members [54].”
Ladwig, G., Schönhals, K., Quittkat, H. L., Dietel, F. A., & Vocks, S. (2025) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.24584 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Pilot study of an app-supported psychosocial prevention intervention: a mixed-methods approach
Gehrmann, J., Stephan, J., Dehner, J., Stullich, A., Richter, M., PE³PP study group, Ballaschke, O., Finke, F., Gabel, F., Grossmann, A., et al. (2025) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-025-01737-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Blake, L., Bland, B., & Gilbert, H. (2022) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2022.102168 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Philipps, A., Hepp, T., Silbermann, A., Morawa, E., Stemmler, M., & Erim, Y. (2022) · Zeitschrift für psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie · doi:10.13109/zptm.2022.68.4.378 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Garreta-Catala, I., Planas, R., Abouzari, R., Carnaval, T., Solé, J. M. N., Videla, S., Agulló, J.-L., the EN-FORMA study group, Calvis-Garcia, P., Carmezim, J., et al. (2023) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-023-06763-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Group experience itself contains therapeutic phenomena [20] ( e.g. , altruism, group cohesion, interpersonal learning), and group cohesion improves outcomes in both in-and outpatient settings [21] and should be encouraged.”
BackgroundRenewed Feedback-Informed Group Treatment for Patients with Anxiety and Depressive Disorders
Vos, M. M. W. K.-D., Tiemens, B. G., Engelsbel, F., de Jong, K., Witteman, C. L. M., & Nugter, A. (2024) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-023-01338-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“It is indeed found that the relationship between cohesion and outcomes is higher when groups are longer and is the highest in groups with > 20 sessions (Burlingame et al., 2018a).”
InfluentialGroup Cohesion and Climate in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Individuals with a First-Time DUI
Cruz, M., Osilla, K. C., & Paddock, S. M. (2019) · Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07347324.2019.1613941 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Yet measures of cohesion and climate tend not to be simultaneously analyzed, making it impossible to determine if similar relationships are being assessed (Burlingame et al., 2018).”
BackgroundBasale Wirkmodelle in der Psychotherapie
Flückiger, C. (2021) · Psychotherapeut · doi:10.1007/s00278-020-00478-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Group cohesion in group-based personal practice
Maaß, U., Kühne, F., Hahn, D., & Weck, F. (2021) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465821000369 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Two meta-analyses have confirmed the positive impact of cohesion on therapy outcomes, with average correlations of r = 0.25 – 0.26, based on up to 55 studies and 6.055 clients (Burlingame et al ., 2011; Burlingame et al ., 2018).”
MethodInfluentialLuong, H. K., Drummond, S. P. A., & Norton, P. J. (2021) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2021.1898463 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“While decades of research have established client-rated alliance and cohesion as predictors of outcome (Burlingame et al., 2018; Flückiger et al., 2018), observer perspectives may provide additional unique and critical information about therapeutic processes.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe unified protocol: patient and therapist perspectives on the utility of the group manual
Christensen, A. B., Gryesten, J. R., Kokholm, J., Vislie, K., Reinholt, N., Dichmann, K., Poulsen, S., & Arnfred, S. (2022) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2022.2061340 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wilson, D., Mackintosh, S. F., Nicholas, M. K., Moseley, G. L., Costa, D. S. J., & Ashton-James, C. E. (2022) · British Journal of Pain · doi:10.1177/20494637221098941 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
van Tilburg, C. A., van Dam, A., de Wolf-Jacobs, E., de Ruiter, C., & Smeets, T. (2022) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.2022.2105702 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Study outcomes show significant correlations between therapeutic alliance and treatment outcomes, and similar correlations are found for group cohesion and treatment outcomes, including CBT approaches to group therapy (Alldredge et al., 2021; Burlingame et al., 2018).”
BackgroundBoß, L., Hannibal, S., & Lehr, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1524285 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Spitzer, P., Mittmann, C., Utz, J., Mestermann, S., Wietek, T. F., Kornhuber, J., & Herrmann‐Werner, A. (2025) · Medical Education Online · doi:10.1080/10872981.2025.2519386 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“This finding is consistent with many other reports in the field of psychotherapy that suggest that group cohesion is one of the general, nonspecific factors in group therapy [52].”
Rezapour-Mirsaleh, Y., Abolhasani, F., Amini, R., Rezai, M. J., Choobforoushzadeh, A., & Shameli, L. (2024) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-024-02045-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Díaz-Sanahuja, L., Suso‐Ribera, C., Lucas, I., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Tur, C., Gual-Montolio, P., Paredes-Mealla, M., García‐Palacios, A., & Bretón-López, J. M. (2024) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-024-10318-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“According to Burlingame et al. (2018), participating in group sessions offers numerous advantages, including opportunities for interpersonal connections, individuality, collaboration, and team dynamics among participants.”
BackgroundThe Group Questionnaire (GQ)—Psychometric properties among outpatients with personality disorders.
Pedersen, G., Kvarstein, E. H., Wilberg, T., Folmo, E. J., Burlingame, G. M., & Lorentzen, S. (2021) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/gdn0000176 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationMaloney, E., Dowling, C., Deehan, T., & Reilly, G. O. (2022) · OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.21926/obm.icm.2204051 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Fjermestad, K. W., McLeod, B. D., Silverman, W. K., Bjaastad, J. F., Lerner, M. D., & Wergeland, G. J. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23496 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Group Radical Openness: Participants' attributions of change
Johnstone, V., McDonough, C., Egan, R., Browne, K., & Corbett, A. B. (2024) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12750 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hare, M. M., Conroy, K., Georgiadis, C., & Shaw, A. M. (2024) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-024-01681-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Burlingame, G. M., McClendon, D. T., & Yang, C.
- Affiliations
- Brigham Young University (US)
- Venue
- Psychotherapy
- Published
- 2018-12
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 384-398
- ISSN
- 0033-3204 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1536
- OpenAlex
- W2895900470
- Cited by
- 290
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 12
- FWCI
- 18.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychotherapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Team Dynamics and Performance
- Keywords
- group cohesion, group therapy, treatment outcomes, group relations, group interaction, theoretical orientation, group types, patient diversity, evidence-based treatment
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Psychotherapy, Group, Treatment Outcome
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