Core components of moral injury groups co- facilitated by mental health providers and chaplains
Open accessAbstract
Despite increasing interest in moral injury, there is not yet consensus around what it is (and is not), who can have it and under what circumstances, or the degree and form of distress necessary to distinguish moral injury from other psychological and spiritual difficulties. The novelty of moral injury has created space for frontline Veterans Health Administration mental health and spiritual care providers to creatively apply their core professional skills and identities to moral injury. This paper presents findings of a core components analysis (CCA) derived from seven co-led chaplain-mental health moral injury group facilitation teams that were involved in a 16-month quality improvement endeavor of the Dynamic Diffusion Network (DDN). The DDN initiative engages providers in collaborative and iterative refinement of practices to promote rapid improvements in care for complex problems that lack a codified evidence base. Using CCA, we identified 10 core components of co-facilitated moral injury group care. Components include a clear conceptualization of moral injury, an inclusive approach to spirituality, and exploration of forgiveness, among others. This paper offers guidance that can be widely applied and readily adapted as our collective understanding of moral injury continues to expand and clarify. The core components are articulated here as principles for ongoing review and revision in response to future moral injury advances in the DDN and elsewhere.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Chaplain-psychologist co-facilitated groups have been identified as a particularly helpful clinical format in qualitative work examining core components of moral injury groups.
“Chaplain–psychologist co-facilitated groups have been identified as a particularly helpful clinical format in qualitative work examining core components of MI groups (114).”
From The therapeutic role of self-transcendence in moral injury recovery: theory, mechanisms, and clinical implications (2026) · cites this paper as [114]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910 · see citing works
The answer is 17 years, what is the question: understanding time lags in translational research
Morris, Z. S., Wooding, S., & Grant, J. (2011) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1258/jrsm.2011.110180 · Cited by 3,340 · see citing works
Clement, S., Schauman, O., Graham, T., Maggioni, F., Evans-Lacko, S., Bezborodovs, N., Morgan, C., Rüsch, N., Brown, J. S. L., & Thornicroft, G. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714000129 · Cited by 3,152 · see citing works
Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy
Litz, B. T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W. P., Silva, C., & Maguen, S. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.003 · Cited by 2,738 · see citing works
An introduction to implementation science for the non-specialist
Bauer, M. S., Damschroder, L. J., Hagedorn, H., Smith, J. L., & Kilbourne, A. M. (2015) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-015-0089-9 · Cited by 2,023 · see citing works
Evidence-based therapy relationships: Research conclusions and clinical practices.
Norcross, J. C., & Wampold, B. E. (2011) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0022161 · Cited by 813 · see citing works
Moral Injury: An Integrative Review
Griffin, B. J., Purcell, N., Burkman, K., Litz, B. T., Bryan, C. J., Schmitz, M., Villierme, C., Walsh, J., & Maguen, S. (2019) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22362 · Cited by 752 · see citing works
The Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale: Development and initial validation.
Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., Grubbs, J. B., & Yali, A. M. (2014) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/a0036465 · Cited by 682 · see citing works
Psychometric Evaluation of the Moral Injury Events Scale
Nash, W. P., Carper, T. L. M., Mills, M. A., Au, T. M., Goldsmith, A. A., & Litz, B. T. (2013) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-13-00017 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
An exploration of the viability and usefulness of the construct of moral injury in war veterans.
Drescher, K. D., Foy, D. W., Kelly, C. M., Leshner, A., Schutz, K., & Litz, B. T. (2011) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1177/1534765610395615 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Using Measurement-Based Care to Enhance Any Treatment
Scott, K., & Lewis, C. C. (2015) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2014.01.010 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Litz, B. T., & Kerig, P. K. (2019) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22405 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
A Review of Research on Moral Injury in Combat Veterans
Frankfurt, S. B., & Frazier, P. A. (2016) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1037/mil0000132 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Gray, M. J., Schorr, Y., Nash, W., Lebowitz, L., Amidon, A., Lansing, A., Maglione, M., Lang, A. J., & Litz, B. T. (2012) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.09.001 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Psychotherapy: Advantages and Challenges
Cook, S. C., Schwartz, A. C., & Kaslow, N. J. (2017) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-017-0549-4 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Spiritual and religious competencies for psychologists.
Vieten, C., Scammell, S., Pilato, R., Ammondson, I., Pargäment, K. I., & Lukoff, D. G. (2013) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/a0032699 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
KENDALL, P. C., GOSCH, E., FURR, J. M., & SOOD, E. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31817eed2f · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Moral injury, posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicidal behavior among National Guard personnel
Bryan, C. J., Bryan, A. O., Roberge, E., Leifker, F. R., & Rozek, D. C. (2018) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000290 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Report of the 2005 Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice
(2005) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e582372010-001 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
The moral injury symptom scale-military version
Koenig, H. G., Ames, D., Youssef, N. A., Oliver, J. P., Volk, F., Teng, E. J., Haynes, K., Erickson, Z. D., Arnold, I., O’Garo, K., et al. (2018) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-017-0531-9 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Harris, J. I., Erbes, C. R., Engdahl, B. E., THURAS, P. D., Murray‐Swank, N. A., Grace, D., Ogden, H. N., Olson, R. H. A., Winskowski, A. M., Bacon, R., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20777 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Carey, L. B., Hodgson, T. J., Krikheli, L., Soh, R. Y., Armour, A., Singh, T. K., & Impiombato, C. G. (2016) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-016-0231-x · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Holland, J. M., Currier, J. M., Coleman, R. A., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2010) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/a0020892 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Impact of killing in war: A randomized, controlled pilot trial
Maguen, S., Burkman, K., Madden, E., Dinh, J., Bosch, J., Keyser, J., Schmitz, M., & Neylan, T. C. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22471 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Moral Injury and Definitional Clarity: Betrayal, Spirituality and the Role of Chaplains
Hodgson, T. J., & Carey, L. B. (2017) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-017-0407-z · Cited by 134 · see citing works
The question–behavior effect: What we know and where we go from here
Sprott, D. E., Spangenberg, E. R., Block, L., Fitzsimons, G. J., Morwitz, V. G., & Williams, P. (2006) · Social Influence · doi:10.1080/15534510600685409 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Yeterian, J. D., Berke, D. S., Carney, J. R., McIntyre‐Smith, A., Cyr, K. S., King, L., Kline, N. K., Phelps, A. J., & Litz, B. T. (2019) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22380 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Trauma Informed Guilt Reduction Therapy With Combat Veterans
Norman, S. B., Wilkins, K. C., Myers, U. S., & Allard, C. B. (2013) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2013.08.001 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., Boucher, N. A., Oliver, R. J. P., Youssef, N. A., Mooney, S., Currier, J. M., & Pearce, M. (2017) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000554 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Worthington, E. L., & Langberg, D. (2012) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/009164711204000403 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Pearce, M. J., Haynes, K., Rivera, N. R., & Koenig, H. (2018) · Global Advances in Health and Medicine · doi:10.1177/2164956118759939 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Spiritual features of war-related moral injury: A primer for clinicians.
Wortmann, J. H., Eisen, E., Hundert, C., Jordan, A., Smith, M. W., Nash, W. P., & Litz, B. T. (2017) · Spirituality in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1037/scp0000140 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationSpirituality and Moral Injury Among Military Personnel: A Mini-Review
Brémault‐Phillips, S., Pike, A., Scarcella, F., & Cherwick, T. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00276 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Building a Rigorous and Relevant Knowledge Base for the Psychological Therapies
Barkham, M., Stiles, W. B., Lambert, M. J., & Mellor‐Clark, J. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9780470687994.ch2 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
A Pilot Study of a Moral Injury Group Intervention Co‐Facilitated by a Chaplain and Psychologist
Cenkner, D. P., Yeomans, P. D., Antal, C. J., & Scott, J. C. (2020) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22642 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Burnout in veterans health administration mental health providers in posttraumatic stress clinics.
Garcia, H. A., McGeary, C. A., McGeary, D. D., Finley, E. P., & Peterson, A. L. (2014) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/a0035643 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Borges, L. M. (2019) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.08.002 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Antal, C. J., Yeomans, P. D., East, R., Hickey, D. W., Kalkstein, S., Brown, K. M., & Kaminstein, D. S. (2019) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167819844071 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Evidence-based trauma treatment: Problems with a cognitive reappraisal of guilt.
Finlay, L. D. (2015) · Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1037/teo0000021 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Treatment of Moral Injury in U.S. Veterans with PTSD Using a Structured Chaplain Intervention
Ames, D., Erickson, Z. D., Geise, C., Tiwari, S., Sakhno, S., Sones, A. C., Tyrrell, C. G., Mackay, C. R. B., Steele, C. W., Hoof, T. V., et al. (2021) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01312-8 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Moral Injury and the Absurd: The suffering of moral paradox
Fleming, W. H. (2021) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01227-4 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Shame on the brain: Neural correlates of moral injury event recall in posttraumatic stress disorder
Lloyd, C. S., Nicholson, A. A., Densmore, M., Théberge, J., Neufeld, R. W. J., Jetly, R., McKinnon, M. C., & Lanius, R. A. (2021) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23128 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Borges, L. M., Bahraini, N. H., Holliman, B. D., Gissen, M., Lawson, W. C., & Barnes, S. M. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22887 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Kumar, A. M., Azevedo, K. J., Factor, A., Hailu, E., Ramirez, J. C., Lindley, S. E., & Jain, S. (2018) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000269 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
(What) do you believe?: Therapist spiritual/religious/non-religious self-disclosure
Magaldi, D., & Trub, L. R. (2016) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2016.1233365 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Smigelsky, M. A., Malott, J. D., Morris, K. D. V., Berlin, K. S., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22714 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationPernicano, P., Wortmann, J. H., & Haynes, K. (2022) · Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy · doi:10.1080/08854726.2022.2032982 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationPyne, J. M., Rabalais, A., & Sullivan, S. D. (2018) · Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy · doi:10.1080/08854726.2018.1474997 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Moral Injury as Loss and Grief with Attention to Ritual Resources for Care
Ramsay, N. J. (2018) · Pastoral Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11089-018-0854-9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Let’s Get “REAL”: A Collaborative Group Therapy for Moral Injury
Smigelsky, M. A., Malott, J. D., Parker, R. O., Check, C., Rappaport, B., & Ward, S. (2022) · Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy · doi:10.1080/08854726.2022.2032978 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationSmigelsky, M. A., Nieuwsma, J. A., Meador, K. G., Vega, R. J., Henderson, B., & Jackson, G. L. (2020) · Healthcare · doi:10.1016/j.hjdsi.2020.100440 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationBurkman, K. M., Purcell, N., & Maguen, S. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22702 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wortmann, J. H., Nieuwsma, J. A., King, H. A., Fernandez, P. E., Jackson, G. L., Smigelsky, M. A., Cantrell, W., & Meador, K. G. (2021) · Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy · doi:10.1080/08854726.2021.2004847 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationPredictors of moral struggles among veterans.
Wilt, J. A., Evans, W. R., Pargäment, K. I., Exline, J. J., Fletcher, T. L., & Teng, E. J. (2019) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1037/trm0000186 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Introduction to the special issue “Moral injury care: Practices and collaboration”
Nieuwsma, J. A., Smigelsky, M. A., & Grossoehme, D. H. (2022) · Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy · doi:10.1080/08854726.2022.2047564 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationImproving Practice and Enhancing Evidence
Barkham, M., Hardy, G. E., & Mellor‐Clark, J. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9780470687994.ch13 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Currier JM, Drescher KD, & Nieuwsma JA (Eds.). (2021). Addressing moral injury in clinical practice. American Psychological Association. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1chrr72
- Griffin BJ, Worthington EL, Danish SJ, Donovan J, Lavelock CR, Shaler L, Dees RF, Maguen S, & Davis DE (2017). Self-forgiveness and military service: Equipping warriors to combat moral injury. In Woodyatt L, Worthington EL, Wenzel M, & Griffin BJ (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of self-forgiveness (pp. 221– 234). Springer International Publishing.
- Janoff-Bulman R (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. The Free Press.
- Meador KG, Nieuwsma JA, & Ethridge K (2017). Chaplaincy and evidence-based mental health care: Promises, pitfalls, and pastoral identity. In Caring for the Human Spirit Magazine (pp. 22– 24). HealthCare Chaplaincy Network.
- Moyo H (2015). Pastoral care in the healing of moral injury: A case of the Zimbabwe national liberation war veterans. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 71(2), 11. 10.4102/hts.v71i2.2919 · DOI
- Nieuwsma JA, Smigelsky MA, Wortmann JH, Haynes K, & Meador KG (2021). Collaboration with chaplaincy and ministry professionals in addressing moral injury. In Currier JM, Drescher KD, & Nieuwsma JA (Eds.), Addressing moral injury in clinical practice (pp. 243– 260). American Psychological Association.
- Roller B, & Nelson V (1993). Cotherapy. In Kaplan HI & Sadock BJ (Eds.), Comprehensive group psychotherapy (3rd ed., pp. 304– 312). Williams & Wilkins Co.
- Wenger E, McDermott RA, & Snyder W (2010). Cultivating communities of practice: A guide to managing knowledge. Harvard Business School Press.
- Wolfelt A (2005). Companioning the bereaved: A soulful guide for counselors and caregivers. Companion Press.
- Worthington EL, Lavelock CR, Witvliet CVO, Rye MS, Tsang J-A, & Toussaint L (2014). Measures of forgiveness: Self-report, physiological, chemical, and behavioral indicators. In Boyle GJ, Saklofske DH, & Matthews G (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 474– 502). Academic Press.
- Yalom ID, & Leszcz M (2008). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy (5th edition). Basic Books.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Critical Care Providers’ Moral Distress: Frequency, Burden, and Potential Resources
Hinzmann, D., Schütte‐Nütgen, K., Büssing, A., Boenisch, O., Busch, H.-J., Dodt, C., Friederich, P., Kochanek, M., Michels, G., & Frick, E. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010333 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Emerging interventions for moral injury: expanding pathways to moral healing
Evans, W. R., Smigelsky, M. A., Frankfurt, S. B., Antal, C. J., Yeomans, P. D., Check, C., & Bhatt-Mackin, S. M. (2023) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-023-00303-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationDeciphering how workplace hazing evokes quiet quitting among Gen Z employees in the hotel industry
Srivastava, S., & Saxena, A. (2025) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights · doi:10.1108/jhti-10-2024-1133 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Confronting the Mental Health Challenges of Large-Scale Combat Operations
Cole, R., & Remondelli, M. H. (2025) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usaf156 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Jackson, G. L., Fix, G. M., White, B. S., Cutrona, S. L., Reardon, C. M., Damschroder, L. J., Burns, M., DeLaughter, K. L., Widerquist, M. A. O., Arasim, M. E., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Health Services · doi:10.3389/frhs.2023.1223277 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationAddressing Religious and Spiritual Diversity in Moral Injury Care: Five Perspectives
Pyne, J. M., Currier, J. M., Hinkson, K. D., Usset, T. J., Abeita, L. A., Dordal, P., Kouser, T., Awaad, R. Y., Weber, M. C., & Griffin, B. J. (2023) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-023-00308-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A Journey of Necessity: Moral Injury in Light of the Divine Comedy
Suurmond, J. M. (2026) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-026-02568-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Fantus, S., Cole, R., Usset, T. J., & Hawkins, L. (2024) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-024-02228-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
O’Brien, C., Akeel, A., McCormick, G., Cole, S. N., & Charura, D. (2025) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.70011 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sowden, W. J., Hart, R., & Hart, R. (2026) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.70049 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Романова, А. (2026) · Journal of Poetry Therapy · doi:10.1080/08893675.2026.2672413 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bauer Malandraki, J. (2023) · Teaching and Learning in Communication Sciences & Disorders · doi:10.61403/2689-6443.1291 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Piecing it Together: Collaborative Group Care for Moral Injury
Nieuwsma, J. A., Smigelsky, M. A., Wortmann, J. H., & Meador, K. G. (2024) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-024-00341-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Use of Existential Groups in Mental Health Care: A Scoping Review
Frøkedal, H., Lloyd, C. S., Halstensen, K., Hammersbøen, Å. M., & Austad, A. (2025) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.2025.2551501 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fleming, W. H. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1701564
“Chaplain – psychologist co-facili-tated groups have been identi fi ed as a particularly helpful clinical format in qualitative work examining core components of MI groups (114).”
Moral Injury as Tragedy: The Tragic Arc as a Narrative Heuristic for Clinical Practice
Fleming, W. H. (2026) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-026-02641-2
Edelstein, L., Sehgal, N. K. R., Shapiro, D., Gourevitch, R., Fouladi, N., & Franzini, L. (2026) · Quality Management in Health Care · doi:10.1097/qmh.0000000000000588
- Authors
- Smigelsky, M. A., Trimm, V., Meador, K. G., Jackson, G. L., Wortmann, J. H., & Nieuwsma, J. A.
- Affiliations
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Venue
- Spirituality in Clinical Practice
- Published
- 2022-09
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 159-174
- ISSN
- 2326-4500 (ISSN-L)
- 2326-4519
- PMC
- PMC10288643
- OpenAlex
- W4281684156
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 2.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Spirituality in Clinical Practice (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- US Department of Veterans Affairs (CIN 13-410, QUE 20-012)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
- Keywords
- moral injury, chaplaincy, mental health professionals, veterans, spirituality, forgiveness, quality improvement, group facilitation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
