Emerging into adulthood in the face of racial discrimination: Physiological, psychological, and sociopolitical consequences for african american youth.

Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties.

Arnett, J. J. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.5.469 · Cited by 16,843

Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review.

Pascoe, E. A., & Smart Richman, L. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0016059 · Cited by 4,427

Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research

Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2009) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0 · Cited by 3,371

Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model.

Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.10.805 · Cited by 2,830

Intersectionality and research in psychology

Cole, E. R. (2009) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0014564 · Cited by 2,722

Racial/Ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies

Williams, D. R., Neighbors, H. W., & Jackson, J. S. (2003) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.93.2.200 · Cited by 2,634

“Weathering” and Age Patterns of Allostatic Load Scores Among Blacks and Whites in the United States

Geronimus, A. T., Hicken, M., Keene, D., & Bound, J. (2006) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.060749 · Cited by 2,525

Untitled work

(2000) · The Journal of Negro Education · Cited by 2,472

The Prevalence, Distribution, and Mental Health Correlates of Perceived Discrimination in the United States

Kessler, R. C., Mickelson, K. D., & Williams, D. R. (1999) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2676349 · Cited by 2,262

The perseverative cognition hypothesis: A review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health

Brosschot, J. F., Gerin, W., & Thayer, J. F. (2006) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.06.074 · Cited by 1,643

Prevalence and Correlates of Exposure (Direct and Indirect) to Perceived Racism-Based Police Violence among Black Emerging Adult College Students

Motley, R., Williamson, E., & Quinn, C. R. (2024) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2024.2341838 · Cited by 5

Black Youth Rising: Understanding Motivations and Challenges in Young Adult Activism

Briggs, A. S. (2024) · Youth · doi:10.3390/youth4020043 · Cited by 8

Depression, perceived discrimination, and racial barrier awareness as predictors of offending for Black women

Jones, C. A., Ortiz, M., & Barcza-Renner, K. (2019) · Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/15377938.2019.1679689 · Cited by 5

Upward Mobility Context and Health Outcomes and Behaviors during Transition to Adulthood: The Intersectionality of Race and Sex

Zang, E. X., & Tian, M. (2024) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/00221465231223944 · Cited by 6

Online Racial/Ethnic Discrimination, Suicidal Ideation, and Alcohol Misuse Among Ethnoracially Minoritized College Students: The Roles of Internalized Racism and Ethnic Identity

Polanco-Roman, L. A., Reyes‐Portillo, J. A., Ebrahimi, C. T., Powell, A. E., & Tynes, B. M. (2025) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-025-02381-1 · Cited by 5

Infinite Hope: Reframing Disconnection in Emerging Adulthood Through Purpose, Agency, and Identity

Danley, W. T. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15091205 · Cited by 5

Impact of belonging and discrimination on psychological well-being among transitioning adults: study using panel survey for income dynamics transition supplement

Heath, M. L., & Keptner, K. M. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04393-8 · Cited by 6

Am I a Successful Adult? Exploring the Influence of Ethnic Diversity in Defining Success among Former Foster Youth

Bencomo, B. T. (2022) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968211065894 · Cited by 4

Intersections of Racial/Ethnic and Religious Identities on Bodily Well-Being for Black College-Attending Emerging Adults

Ross, J. M., Hope, M. O., & Volpe, V. V. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01653-y · Cited by 4

New developments in prejudice research: from its neural basis and impact on well-being to prejudice reduction

Reynolds, K. J., & Klik, K. A. (2016) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.07.006 · Cited by 4

Social Media and Youth Sociopolitical Identity Development: Navigating Key Tensions with Marginalized Adolescent Organizers

Malorni, A., & Gale, A. (2025) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/07435584251380793 · Cited by 3

Addressing the Trauma of Racism from a Mental Health Perspective within the African American Community

Grayson, A. M. (2020) · Delaware Journal of Public Health · doi:10.32481/djph.2020.11.008 · Cited by 3

Do African American adolescents internalize direct online discrimination? Moderating effects of vicarious online discrimination, parental technological attitudes, and racial identity centrality

Tao, C., & Scott, K. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.862557 · Cited by 4

Patterns of Adverse Childhood Experiences Predict Event-Related Distress in Young Adults Following the 2016 Presidential Election

Chaku, N., Hagan, M. J., Lu, L., & Holley, S. R. (2022) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968221133592 · Cited by 3

Contextualizing black emerging adults' perceptions of neighborhood quality

Fike, K. J., & Mattis, J. S. (2023) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12704 · Cited by 3

Life satisfaction in childhood: Latin American immigrant children in Chile

Alfonso Urzúa, M., Caqueo‐Urízar, A., Alquinta, B., Jeria, R., Gutiérrez, R. A. J., & Lau, X. (2020) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi200116021u · Cited by 3

Civic engagement, discrimination, and sleep health among youth of color

Chaku, N., Curtis, C. A., Hoyt, L. T., Zeiders, K. H., Niu, L., Sarsar, E. D., & Nair, R. L. (2023) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2162826 · Cited by 2

Becoming an Activist: Critical Action Among Black Youth During the Transition to Adulthood

Benson, D. E., McLoyd, V. C., & Channey, J. (2024) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x231222511 · Cited by 2

“Am I Not Native Enough?” A Qualitative Exploration of Experienced Discrimination Among American Indian/Alaska Native Emerging Adults

Palimaru, A. I., Malika, N. M., Brown, R. A., Holmes, P., Dickerson, D. L., Rodriguez, A., Johnson, C. L., Arvizu-Sanchez, V., & D’Amico, E. J. (2025) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-025-02328-6 · Cited by 3

Mental Health Help-Seeking Behaviors and Service Utilization of Black College Students

Keys, T. J., Watson, J. D., Sobolewski, C. M., Macias, A., Olivares, D., Jones, S. C. T., Gattis, M. N., & Corona, R. (2025) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984251371496 · Cited by 3

Racial Discrimination and Trajectories of Problematic Alcohol Use Among African American Emerging Adults: The Role of Organizational Religious Involvement

Busby, D. R., Hope, M. O., Lee, D. B., Heinze, J. E., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2021) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/10901981211051650 · Cited by 3

You Have to Look at the Whole Picture: A Qualitative Examination of Critical Social Analysis Among Racially Minoritized Adolescents

Golden, A. R., O’Neill, S. M., Fike, K. J., Wilkerson, E. M., & Voight, A. M. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/07435584231187845 · Cited by 2

COVID-19 vaccine intentions and attitudes in Black American emerging adults with asthma

Hall, A. L., Movva, P., Dailey, R., Gibson-Scipio, W. M., Baptist, A. P., & MacDonell, K. K. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18843-w · Cited by 2

Threatening sociopolitical contexts negatively affect belonging and motivation among minoritized students

Rosario, R. J., & Destin, M. (2024) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2024.2393582 · Cited by 2

Understanding Momentary Alcohol Use Cognitions Through the Lenses of Momentary Socioeconomic Identification, Unfair Treatment, and Strain

Xiang, Z., Joseph, N. T., & Peterson, L. M. (2024) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2024.2431049 · Cited by 2

Racial discrimination and anti‐racist action: The mediating effects of fair‐society belief among Filipino American and Korean American young adults

Park, M., Woo, B., Jeong, E., Gu, B., Choi, Y., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2025) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.70023 · Cited by 1

An Exploration of the Impact of the School Counseling Equity Fellowship on School Counselors

Merlin‐Knoblich, C., Graham, B., Clark, S., Song, S., & Harper, S. (2025) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12566 · Cited by 1

Culturally Adapting a Social-Emotional Program for Black Youth with Internalizing Symptoms

Johnson, C., & Whitcomb, S. A. (2025) · Contemporary School Psychology · doi:10.1007/s40688-025-00555-6 · Cited by 1

Transformative Social–Emotional Learning and Intergroup Dialogue: A Mixed-Methods Investigation of a School-Based Intervention

Ball, A. R., & Skrzypek, C. (2025) · Children & Schools · doi:10.1093/cs/cdaf027 · Cited by 1

Harnessing Social Psychological Insights to Grow the Next Generation of American Scientists, Engineers, and Technologists and Address Real‐World Challenges Facing the Nation

Perkins, T. R., & Dasgupta, N. (2025) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.70112 · Cited by 1

Discrimination and C-reactive protein across the life course: Findings from three national US cohorts

Cuevas, A. G., Zhang, X., Bather, J. R., Crump, A. A., Pagán, J. R. C., Xu, S., Harris, K. M., & Cole, S. W. (2026) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106816 · Cited by 1

Social media use, online racism, and mental health among Black Emerging Adults in the United States

Badejoh, O. O., Garrett, S. L., Holland, M. C., Volpe, V. V., Keum, B., Huh, J., & Oh, H. (2026) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0001243 · Cited by 1

Managing the Mind, Body, and Soul—Closing the Gap between Managers and Young Employees with Anxiety Disorders

Hunter, D. D., & Chekwa, C. (2021) · International journal of business & economic development. · doi:10.61494/ijbed.s55zl0nh · Cited by 1

Managing the Mind, Body, and Soul— Closing the Gap Between Managers and Young Employees With Anxiety Disorders

Hunter, D., & Chekwa, C. (2021) · American Journal of Management · doi:10.33423/ajm.v21i3.4364 · Cited by 2

Reprint of: Understanding situational factors and conditions contributing to suicide among Black youth and young adults

Talley, D., Warner, Ş. L., Perry, D., Brissette, E., Consiglio, F. L., Capri, R., Violano, P., & Coker, K. L. (2022) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2022.101749 · Cited by 1

Neoliberalism and Anti-poverty Tax Policy: How Single Mothers Negotiate Tax Filing and the Use of the Earned Income Tax Credit with Their Young Adult Children

Bellisle, D. (2023) · Journal of Family and Economic Issues · doi:10.1007/s10834-023-09919-7 · Cited by 1

Prior exposure to racial discrimination and patterns of acute parasympathetic nervous system responses to a race‐related stress task among Black adults

Volpe, V. V., Kendall, E. B., Collins, A. N., Graham, M. G., Williams, J., & Holochwost, S. J. (2024) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14713 · Cited by 3

Bias filtered: internalized racial oppression, experiences of racism, and well-being and authenticity among black americans

Wilkinson, A. N. (2021) · MOspace Institutional Repository (University of Missouri) · doi:10.32469/10355/90200 · Cited by 1

African American Masculinity

Johnson, W., & Norwitt, J. (2022) · doi:10.1093/obo/9780190280024-0109 · Cited by 1

Perceived Organizational Discrimination. Its Societal Antecedents, Individual Outcomes, and the Effects of Organizational Culture across Contexts

Kartolo, A. B. (2016) · Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor)

The Impact of Family Satisfaction, Racial Identity and Perceived Ethnic Discrimination on African-American College Students' Vulnerability to Stereotype Threat

Featherson, E. (2018) · doi:10.32597/dissertations/1664

And Life is Worth the Living Just Because He Lives?: The Protective and Promotive Role of Religious Involvement Against Suicide Risk Among Black Adolescents

Cole-Lewis, Y. (2018) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)

More than Just Words on a Screen: A Biopsychosocial Approach to Understanding Effects of Race-Related Media

Kittleman, M. M. (2020) · IRL - University of Missouri, St. Louis (University of Missouri–St. Louis)

Picture the Magic: Exploring Black girl identity using photovoice

Hawkins, L. A. (2020) · Scholarly Commons (University of the Pacific)

Reclaiming “Mydentity”: Counterstorytelling as Adaptive Coping for Racially and Economically Marginalized Emerging Adults.

Jacques-Louis, P., & Nichole, K. (2020)

Structural Racism and the Transition to Adulthood of Black and White Brazilians

Dutra-Thomé, L., Ozorio, J. D. C., & Pereira, A. S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83545-3_7

Misogynoir

Curtner, B. (2021) · San José State University ScholarWorks (San Jose State University) · doi:10.31979/etd.htdu-g49t

Short-term weekly effects of ethnic-racial discrimination on academic outcomes : ethnic-racial socialization and ethnic-racial identity as moderators

Berkley, S. (2021) · MOspace Institutional Repository (University of Missouri) · doi:10.32469/10355/90003

THE INFLUENCE OF RACIAL VIOLENCE IN NEIGHBORHOODS AND SCHOOLS ON THE PSYCHO-BEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES IN ADOLESCENCE

Francois, S., Wu, K., Doe, E., Tucker, A., & Theall, K. P. (2023) · Research in Human Development · doi:10.1080/15427609.2023.2171694 · Cited by 1

Mental Health Matters: Mental Health Service Utilization Among African American Emerging Adults

Curry, T. M. (2022) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.5865

Unveiling the Mask: Navigating the Depths of Black Men’s Mental Health

Robinson, T. D. (2023) · Journal of Social Work and Social Welfare Policy · doi:10.33790/jswwp1100101

Outgroup threat and behavioral tendencies in young adulthood : exploring the roles of stress and group membership

Roos, J. (2023) · doi:10.32469/10355/98770

Ethnic–racial discrimination and socialization: Short‐term longitudinal effects on Black and Latinx young adults' ethnic–racial identity

Osman, K. M., Berkley, S., Zeiders, K. H., & Landor, A. M. (2024) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.13028 · Cited by 3

Online Resistance: The Past, Present, and Future of Challenging Racism with Digital Tools

Eschmann, R., Anyiwo, N., Toraif, N., & Ortiz, S. M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-69362-5_43

Ethnic Discrimination in Social Media and Depressive Symptoms Among Hispanic Emerging Adult College Students: Examining the Moderating Roles of Emotion Self-Efficacy and Locus of Control

Okeke, D., Ibañez, G. E., Bursac, Z., Sheehan, D. M., Frazier, S. L., Nehme, L., Ibekwe, L. N., Sullivan, S. M., de Dios, M. A., & Cano, M. Á. (2025) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968251322817

Dismantling the Misconceptions about Black Women and Promoting Innovative Mental Health Services

Robinson, G. (2025) · doi:10.46569/fq9784442

Experiences of discrimination across the transition to parenthood and postpartum depression severity among Black women

Hipwell, A. E., Magee, K. E., Keenan, K. E., Tung, I., Hill, A. V., Stiller, A., Quick, A. D., Levine, M. D., Strickland, S., & Custodio, M. S. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329172510113x

How African American Men Cope with Race-Based Traumatic Stress: A Quantitative Study

Roberts, J. D., Motley, R., & McDowell, M. C. (2025) · Social Work Research · doi:10.1093/swr/svaf022

Assessing Racial Trauma Experienced by First-Year Students of Color Attending a Mostly White University in the American Southeast

Samek, D. R., Duke, A. M., Crumly, B., & Akua, B. A. (2025) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968251390025

Creating Clarity Through Understanding Complexity

Lisa, L., Minkoff, A. C., & Gabriela, W. (2024) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/979-8-88730-489-220251008

Career Academies as an Exemplary Model of Preparing Students of Color to be College and Career Ready

Fletcher, E. C. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64802-867-020251020

Additional file 3 of COVID-19 vaccine intentions and attitudes in Black American emerging adults with asthma

Hall, A. L., Movva, P., Dailey, R., Gibson-Scipio, W. M., Baptist, A. P., & MacDonell, K. K. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26722998

Additional file 2 of COVID-19 vaccine intentions and attitudes in Black American emerging adults with asthma

Hall, A. L., Movva, P., Dailey, R., Gibson-Scipio, W. M., Baptist, A. P., & MacDonell, K. K. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25865215

Additional file 1 of COVID-19 vaccine intentions and attitudes in Black American emerging adults with asthma

Hall, A. L., Movva, P., Dailey, R., Gibson-Scipio, W. M., Baptist, A. P., & MacDonell, K. K. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25865078

Contextualizing radical care in Black youth's psychosocial development

Anyiwo, N. (2026) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1093/cdpers/aadaf010

“These Experiences Kill You Emotionally”: Examining How Black Emerging Adults Construct Meaning of Race-Based Traumatic Stress

Lewis, K. R., Taylor, K., Watson, T. L., & Cummings, J. L. (2026) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968261424937

Ostracism and Wellbeing in the Narratives of the Transition from University to Work Among Ethnically Diverse UK Graduates

Vikamsey, D., Amer, A., Birtel, M. D., & Robinson, O. C. (2026) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-026-09556-y

Predictive factors of Black American emerging adults’ psychological flourishing: a random forest analysis

Kebbeh, N., & Jelsma, E. B. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-46864-5

Addressing Racial Trauma in Schools: Perspectives from Students, Parents, and School Staff

Woods-Jaeger, B. A., Piper, K. N., Elder, A., Ash, M. J., Gonzalez, J., Renfro, T. L., & Ramirez, M. R. (2026) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-026-00882-7

Racialized Labor Among Black Women: Implications for Counseling, Research, Training, and Advocacy

Ajayi, A. A., Grier‐Reed, T., Wade, B., Oteju, O., Bahr-Fite, A. V., Baker, A. C., & McIntosh, D. L. (2026) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/00110000261445121

The Battle Over Memory: Public Schools, Racialized History, and the Future of American Democracy: Introduction to the Special Issue on Racialized History and Violent Extremism in Education

Fenwick, L. T., & Osher, D. (2026) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/00420859261445865

Exploring the Role of Drinking Motivations in the Relationship Between Race-Based Traumatic Stress and Hazardous Alcohol Use Among Racially and Ethnically Diverse College Students

Johnson, V. E., Subhan, B. A., Courtney, K., & Chance, A. (2026) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968261492030

Effects of a digital motivational intervention on medication adherence and asthma control in Black emerging adults

Hall, A. L., Wang, B., Bruzzese, J., Gibson-Scipio, W. M., Dailey, R., Baptist, A. P., & MacDonell, K. K. (2026) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2026.110313

Childhood Adversity and Anxiety, Depression, and Suicidal Behaviors Among African‐Origin Emerging Adults in the United States: Findings From an Online Panel

Byansi, W., Williamson, E. G., Peoples, J. E., & Motley, R. (2026) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.70155

Exploring Spatial and Spiritual Influences on Black Emerging Adult Women’s Sociopolitical Development

Palmer, G. J. M. (2026) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-026-09521-0

State-level analyses of race-based education laws and risk for suicidality among U.S. college students

Polanco-Roman, L. A., Miller, G. H., Zhou, S., Aguwa, C., Perez, A. A. A., Tynes, B. M., & Williams, D. R. (2026) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2026.2750840

The Affects of Racial Discrimination on the Self Achievement of African American Youth

Bowman, S. (2017)

How Racial and Ethnic Discrimination Gets Under the Skin: Inflammatory Outcomes in Adolescents and Young Adults of Color

Ho, T. C. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.10.005 · Cited by 2

Variations in racial discrimination experiences among Black youth

Smith, S. M. (2014)

Moving Through Adolescence: Developmental Trajectories of African American and European American Youth. IV: Psychological Well-being

Gutman, L., Peck, S., Malanchuk, O., Sameroff, A., & Eccles, J. (2017) · UCL Discovery (University College London)

Discrimination, Depression, & Racial Identity in African American Adolescents

Jean, D. K. (2020)