“Weathering” and Age Patterns of Allostatic Load Scores Among Blacks and Whites in the United States
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Objectives. We considered whether US Blacks experience early health deterioration, as measured across biological indicators of repeated exposure and adaptation to stressors. Methods. Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, we examined allostatic load scores for adults aged 18–64 years. We estimated probability of a high score by age, race, gender, and poverty status and Blacks’ odds of having a high score relative to Whites’ odds. Results. Blacks had higher scores than did Whites and had a greater probability of a high score at all ages, particularly at 35–64 years. Racial differences were not explained by poverty. Poor and nonpoor Black women had the highest and second highest probability of high allostatic load scores, respectively, and the highest excess scores compared with their male or White counterparts. Conclusions. We found evidence that racial inequalities in health exist across a range of biological systems among adults and are not explained by racial differences in poverty. The weathering effects of living in a race-conscious society may be greatest among those Blacks most likely to engage in high-effort coping.
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The allostatic load measure counted 10 high-risk biomarkers; scores ran from 0 to 10, and higher values meant more physiological dysregulation across systems.
“Total AL scores were based on a count of these high-risk biomarkers and ranged from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating greater physiological dysregulation across bodily systems”
From Is John Henryism a Health Risk or Resource?: Exploring the Role of Culturally Relevant Coping for Physical and Mental Health among Black Americans. (2021) · cites this paper as Geronimus et al. 2006
The findings support previous models in which the accumulation of varied stressful events across the lifespan promotes wear and tear on physiological systems that ultimately shape cellular aging processes.
“These findings are supportive of previous models suggesting that the accumulation of varied stressful events across the lifespan promote wear and tear on physiological systems that ultimately shape cellular aging processes (3,62–64).”
From Determinants of telomere attrition over 1 year in healthy older women: stress and health behaviors matter (2015) · cites this paper as [62]
These experiences contribute to accelerated vulnerability to early-onset chronic disease and are further reinforced through social media.
“They also contribute to accelerated vulnerability to early-onset chronic disease [ 78 – 80 ] and are further reinforced through social media.”
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“Primary mediators are the substances that the body releases when responding to stress, whereas secondary mediators are byproducts of the actions from primary mediators (Geronimus et al. 2006).”
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“Geronimus and colleagues found increased allostatic load in Black compared to White individuals aged 18–64 [21], and our results suggest that any weathering Black females experience may begin even earlier.”
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A Landscape of Subjective and Objective Stress in African-American Dementia Family Caregivers
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“They also contribute to accelerated vulnerability to early-onset chronic disease [78 – 80] and are further reinforced through social media.”
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Stress, Allostatic Load, and Health of Mexican Immigrants<sup>*</sup>
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Geronimus, A. T., Hicken, M., Keene, D., & Bound, J.
- Affiliations
- National Bureau of Economic Research (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2006-05
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 826-833
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- PMC
- PMC1470581
- OpenAlex
- W1999745316
- Cited by
- 2,525
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 195 · 2025: 243 · 2024: 197 · 2023: 231 · 2022: 254 · 2021: 213 · 2020: 179 · 2019: 143 · 2018: 110 · 2017: 145 · 2016: 88 · 2015: 89 · 2014: 87 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 70
- FWCI
- 15.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Michigan
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (5 T32 AG00221, T32AG000221)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (5T32 HD 07339, T32HD007339)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Keywords
- weathering, allostatic load, racial disparities in health, black-white disparities, chronic stress, poverty, gender differences, age differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aging, Black or African American, Female, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Poverty, Probability, Sex Factors, Stress, Psychological, United States, White People
About these checks
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