Cited by 129Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchChild Abuse and TraumaPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

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Trauma across generations and paths to adaptation and resilience

Lehrner, Amy, Yehuda, Rachel·2018·Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy

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Abstract

Objective There is a growing literature on the intergenerational transmission of trauma, representing approaches across psychodynamic, family systems, epidemiological, sociological, and biological levels of analysis. Embitterment has been proposed as a response to severe, but normative, stressful events, different from the life-threatening trauma that precedes posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method This article reviews the potential applicability of the construct of embitterment to trauma and intergenerational effects through (a) a historical review of the intergenerational transmission of trauma literature, (b) a discussion of embitterment versus PTSD, (c) a brief review of theories of mechanisms of transmission, and (d) a discussion of biological findings and their interpretation. Results Mechanisms of intergenerational transmission of trauma, which may include psychodynamic processes, vicarious trauma, learning and modeling, parenting and family environment, and biological influences, are reviewed. Survivor coping and resilience, and specifically the presence of PTSD, has emerged as an important moderator of parental trauma effects on the second generation. A table comparing posttraumatic embitterment disorder and PTSD is provided. Conclusion The discussion emphasizes the importance of construing biological findings as flexible adaptations to stressors rather than deterministic indicators of damage, the relevance of context in interpreting such findings, and the role…

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Authors: Lehrner, A., & Yehuda, R.
Affiliations: James J. Peters VA Medical Center (US)
ORCID: Lehrner, Amy
Yehuda, Rachel
Venue: Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2018-01
Volume: 10
Issue: 1
Pages: 22-29
ISSN: 1942-9681 (ISSN-L)
1942-969X
DOI: 10.1037/tra0000302
OpenAlex: W2784205703
Semantic Scholar: dc9c9a266d059c3c3a36c9ae38c230045ea7e59e
Cited by: 129
References: 49
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 3
FWCI: 13.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: intergenerational trauma, embitterment, post-traumatic stress disorder, vicarious trauma, resilience, trauma survivors, parenting, family environment, physiological stress response, community healing
MeSH terms: Psychological Trauma, Adaptation, Psychological, Humans, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Holocaust, Resilience, Psychological

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Trauma across generations and paths to adaptation and resilience

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