The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Motivated recall in the service of the economic system: The case of anthropogenic climate change.
Open accessAbstract
The contemporary political landscape is characterized by numerous divisive issues. Unlike many other issues, however, much of the disagreement about climate change centers not on how best to take action to address the problem, but on whether the problem exists at all. Psychological studies indicate that, to the extent that sustainability initiatives are seen as threatening to the socioeconomic system, individuals may downplay environmental problems in order to defend and protect the status quo. In the current research, participants were presented with scientific information about climate change and later asked to recall details of what they had learned. Individuals who were experimentally induced (Study 1) or dispositionally inclined (Studies 2 and 3) to justify the economic system misremembered the evidence to be less serious, and this was associated with increased skepticism. However, when high system justifiers were led to believe that the economy was in a recovery, they recalled climate change information to be more serious than did those assigned to a control condition. When low system justifiers were led to believe that the economy was in recession, they recalled the information to be less serious (Study 3). These findings suggest that because system justification can impact information processing, simply providing the public with scientific evidence may be insufficient to inspire action to mitigate climate change. However, linking environmental information to statement…
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Motivated skepticism about anthropogenic climate change is also tied to economic system justification — that is, defence of the capitalist system184,185”
From Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [184]
Citations
Cites
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.40.3.879 · Cited by 34,117
Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations.
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.4.422 · Cited by 11,335
Lord, C. G., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2098 · Cited by 4,583
The Constructive, Destructive, and Reconstructive Power of Social Norms
Schultz, P. W., Nolan, J. M., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J., & Griskevicius, V. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01917.x · Cited by 3,643
The role of stereotyping in system‐justification and the production of false consciousness
Jost, J. T., & Banaji, M. R. (1994) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01008.x · Cited by 3,558
Self-citationJost, J. T., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. A. (2004) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00402.x · Cited by 2,883
Self-citationThe Polarizing Impact of Science Literacy and Numeracy on Perceived Climate Change Risks
Braman, D., Kahan, D. M., Peters, E. M., Wittlin, M., Slovic, P., Ouellette, L. L., & Mandel, G. N. (2012) · Scholarly Commons - George Washington University Law School (George Washington University) · Cited by 2,421
McCright, A. M., & Dunlap, R. E. (2011) · The Sociological Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2011.01198.x · Cited by 2,340
Red Media, Blue Media: Evidence of Ideological Selectivity in Media Use
Iyengar, S., & Hahn, K. S. (2009) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01402.x · Cited by 1,940
Balance as bias: global warming and the US prestige press
Boykoff, M. T., & Boykoff, J. M. (2004) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2003.10.001 · Cited by 1,699
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Jost, J. T. (2019) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12297 · Cited by 567
Self-citationvan der Linden, S., Panagopoulos, C., Azevedo, F., & Jost, J. T. (2020) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12681 · Cited by 294
Self-citationCognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts
Jost, J. T., Baldassarri, D. S., & Druckman, J. N. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00093-5 · Cited by 276
Self-citationBolsen, T., & Druckman, J. N. (2018) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430217737855 · Cited by 228
Jost, J. T. (2017) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2017.07.003 · Cited by 166
Self-citationKteily, N., Sheehy-Skeffington, J. A., & Ho, A. K. (2016) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000097 · Cited by 155
Cann, H. W., & Raymond, L. (2018) · Environmental Politics · doi:10.1080/09644016.2018.1439353 · Cited by 153
Understanding and countering the motivated roots of climate change denial
Wong‐Parodi, G., & Feygina, I. (2020) · Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2019.11.008 · Cited by 130
Self-citationJost, J. T., Langer, M., Badaan, V., Azevedo, F., Etchezahar, E. D., Ungaretti, J., & Hennes, E. P. (2017) · Translational Issues in Psychological Science · doi:10.1037/tps0000127 · Cited by 130
Self-citationAzevedo, F., & Jost, J. T. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430221990104 · Cited by 113
Self-citationPolitical polarization and environmental attitudes: a cross-national analysis
Birch, S. (2019) · Environmental Politics · doi:10.1080/09644016.2019.1673997 · Cited by 117
Engaging People on Climate Change: The Role of Emotional Responses
Wong‐Parodi, G., & Feygina, I. (2021) · Environmental Communication · doi:10.1080/17524032.2020.1871051 · Cited by 103
Self-citationFriesen, J. P., Laurin, K., Shepherd, S., Gaucher, D. M., & Kay, A. C. (2018) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12278 · Cited by 104
Ideology selectively shapes attention to inequality
Waldfogel, H. B., Sheehy-Skeffington, J. A., Hauser, O., Ho, A. K., & Kteily, N. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2023985118 · Cited by 91
Kerr, J. R., & Wilson, M. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430221992126 · Cited by 79
Cultural evolution of normative motivations for sustainable behaviour
Davis, T., Hennes, E. P., & Raymond, L. (2018) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-018-0061-9 · Cited by 67
Self-citationAttentional and perceptual biases of climate change
Luo, Y., & Zhao, J. (2021) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.02.010 · Cited by 57
The ideological divide and climate change opinion: “top-down†and “bottom-up†approaches
Jacquet, J., Dietrich, M., & Jost, J. T. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01458 · Cited by 56
Self-citationDisagreement and the division of epistemic labor
Hallsson, B. G., & Kappel, K. (2018) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-018-1788-6 · Cited by 51
Change, Challenge, and Prospects for a Diversity Paradigm in Social Psychology
Jones, J. M., & Dovidio, J. F. (2018) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12039 · Cited by 46
Levi, S. (2021) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-021-00118-6 · Cited by 53
Kawakami, K., Karmali, F., & Vaccarino, E. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814715-3.00001-1 · Cited by 41
Ethics, morality, and the psychology of climate justice
Pearson, A. R., Tsai, C. G., & Clayton, S. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.03.001 · Cited by 44
Ideology and international relations
GRIES, P. H., & Yam, P. P. C. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.03.006 · Cited by 48
Carbon pricing and economic populism: the case of Ontario
Raymond, L. (2020) · Climate Policy · doi:10.1080/14693062.2020.1782824 · Cited by 41
Policy attributes, perceived impacts, and climate change policy preferences
Swim, J. K., & Geiger, N. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101673 · Cited by 37
Hoffarth, M. R., Azevedo, F., & Jost, J. T. (2019) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430219843183 · Cited by 36
Self-citationClimate change and intergroup relations: Psychological insights, synergies, and future prospects
Pearson, A. R., & Schuldt, J. P. (2018) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430217747750 · Cited by 32
Kenny, J. (2017) · Climate Policy · doi:10.1080/14693062.2017.1414026 · Cited by 28
A goldilocks critique of the hot cognition perspective on climate change skepticism
Hennes, E. P., Kim, T., & Remache, L. J. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.03.009 · Cited by 28
Self-citationResponding to Climate Change Skepticism and the Ideological Divide
Lasoff-Santos, J., & Feygina, I. (2017) · Michigan Journal of Sustainability · doi:10.3998/mjs.12333712.0005.102 · Cited by 26
Self-citationThe epistemic significance of political disagreement
Hallsson, B. G. (2018) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1007/s11098-018-1121-8 · Cited by 25
Understanding the importance of sexism in shaping climate denial and policy opposition
Benegal, S., & Holman, M. R. (2021) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-021-03193-y · Cited by 24
Coronel, J. C., Poulsen, S., & Sweitzer, M. D. (2019) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/hqz012 · Cited by 22
Political ideology and health risk perceptions of food
Boeuf, B. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112405 · Cited by 22
Changing minds about minds: Evidence that people are too sceptical about animal sentience
Leach, S., Sutton, R. M., Dhont, K., Douglas, K. M., & Bergström, Z. M. (2022) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105263 · Cited by 30
Raymond, L., Kelly, D., & Hennes, E. P. (2021) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592721003054 · Cited by 23
Self-citationChan, H., & Tam, K. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.101992 · Cited by 23
A diversity science approach to climate change
Pearson, A. R., & Schuldt, J. P. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813130-5.00005-9 · Cited by 21
Green-Tinted Glasses: How Do Pro-Environmental Citizens Conceptualize Environmental Sustainability?
Uren, H. V., Dzidic, P. L., Roberts, L. D., Leviston, Z., & Bishop, B. J. (2018) · Environmental Communication · doi:10.1080/17524032.2017.1397042 · Cited by 23
Kay, A. C., de Leon, R. P., Ho, A. K., & Kteily, N. (2023) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09637214231154810 · Cited by 17
Breaking Climate Change Polarization
Çakanlar, A. (2024) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1177/07439156241244737 · Cited by 18
Velautham, L., Ranney, M. A., & Brow, Q. S. (2019) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2019.00007 · Cited by 20
Lohani, M., & Blodgett, G. R. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1557055 · Cited by 14
Motivierte Wissenschaftsrezeption
Rothmund, T., Gollwitzer, M., Nauroth, P., & Bender, J. (2017) · Psychologische Rundschau · doi:10.1026/0033-3042/a000364 · Cited by 13
Policy or scientific messaging? Strategic framing in a case of subnational climate change conflict
Cann, H. W. (2021) · Review of Policy Research · doi:10.1111/ropr.12438 · Cited by 13
Are we smart enough to remember how smart animals are?
Leach, S., Sutton, R. M., Dhont, K., Douglas, K. M., & Bergström, Z. M. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001401 · Cited by 13
Kenny, J. (2017) · Journal of Elections Public Opinion and Parties · doi:10.1080/17457289.2017.1395884 · Cited by 11
Dakin, N. M., Azevedo, F., & Jost, J. T. (2023) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12913 · Cited by 11
Self-citationClimate Science Denial as Willful Hermeneutical Ignorance
Mason, S. E. (2020) · Social Epistemology · doi:10.1080/02691728.2020.1739167 · Cited by 12
Secure human attachment can promote support for climate change mitigation
Nisa, C. F., Bélanger, J. J., Schumpe, B. M., & Sasin, E. M. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2101046118 · Cited by 12
Core social motives explain responses to collective action issues
Geiger, N., & Brick, C. (2023) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12732 · Cited by 13
Mason, K. A., Vlasceanu, M., & Jost, J. T. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2405973121 · Cited by 14
Self-citationImproving the usability of climate indicator visualizations through diagnostic design principles
Gerst, M. D., Kenney, M. A., & Feygina, I. (2021) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-021-03109-w · Cited by 9
Self-citationBonnot, V., & Krauth‐Gruber, S. (2017) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2017.1317232 · Cited by 9
Zhai, Y., Wu, Q., & Lu, Y.-Z. (2023) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12565 · Cited by 8
Audience segmentation approach to conservation messaging for transforming the exotic pet trade
Naito, R., Chan, K. M. A., de la Lama, R. L., & Zhao, J. (2024) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.14267 · Cited by 8
Political Psychology and the Climate Crisis
Geiger, N., Gruszczynski, M., & Swim, J. K. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108779104.037 · Cited by 9
Investigating how economic and national identity loss messages impact climate change policy support
Klas, A., Clarke, E. J. R., Fielding, K. S., Mackay, M. I., Lohmann, S., & Ling, M. (2022) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-022-03472-2 · Cited by 10
Issue Framing and U.S. State Energy and Climate Policy Choice
Jett, J., & Raymond, L. (2021) · Review of Policy Research · doi:10.1111/ropr.12427 · Cited by 7
Lalot, F., Jauch, M., & Abrams, D. (2022) · Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cresp.2022.100062 · Cited by 7
System justification makes income gaps appear smaller
Goya‐Tocchetto, D., Kay, A. C., & Payne, B. K. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104646 · Cited by 6
Chae, R. L., Siddiqui, R. A., & Yan, X. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2409851122 · Cited by 5
Kim, I., Stanley, S. K., Jylhä, K. M., & Badullovich, N. (2024) · International Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.5334/irsp.871 · Cited by 7
Perceived social support attenuates increased hostile reactions to traumatic threat
Napolitano, S. C., Balling, C. E., Peckinpaugh, I. K., Samuel, D. B., & Lane, S. P. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23567 · Cited by 5
Çakanlar, A., White, K., & Trudel, R. (2026) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.70020 · Cited by 5
Climate Change Perceptions and Associated Characteristics in Canadian Prairie Agricultural Producers
Stewart, S., Arbuthnott, K. D., & Sauchyn, D. (2023) · Challenges · doi:10.3390/challe14040054 · Cited by 4
Suchier, J., Demarque, C., & Girandola, F. (2024) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.12402 · Cited by 5
Partisan polarization and climate action
Druckman, J. N. (2025) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2025.101587 · Cited by 3
The effect of future time perspective on behavioral intention to address climate change
Park, S., & Seo, E. (2024) · International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education · doi:10.1080/10382046.2024.2394309 · Cited by 3
Fischer, H., Huff, M., & Said, N. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/fyx9e · Cited by 3
Cost sensitivity, partisan cues, and support for the Green New Deal
Benegal, S., & Green, J. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s13412-024-00897-2 · Cited by 2
Deutsch, R., & Roth, J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65297-8_4 · Cited by 2
Climate Change in Sociocultural Contexts: One Risk, Multiple Threats
Caillaud, S., Bonnot, V., & Krauth‐Gruber, S. (2020) · Frontiers in sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39315-1_8 · Cited by 2
Clarifying the relationship between social connectedness and connectedness to nature
Moreton, S. G. (2018) · The Sydney eScholarship Repository (The University of Sydney) · Cited by 2
Why do we argue about science? Exploring the psychological antecedents of rejection of science
Kerr, J. R. (2020) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17142374 · Cited by 2
Clarke, E. J. R., Stanley, S. K., Klas, A., & Dyos, E. (2024) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/b3ge7 · Cited by 2
Cepeda, F., Maldonado, L., & Molinos‐Senante, M. (2025) · Climate Risk Management · doi:10.1016/j.crm.2025.100765 · Cited by 1
Wuebben, D., González, S. A. F., & Roslyng, M. M. (2026) · International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/ijshe-07-2025-0728 · Cited by 1
Bayes, R., Molden, D. C., & Druckman, J. N. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2026.102987 · Cited by 1
Is Applied Ethics Morally Problematic?
Franz, D. J. (2021) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-021-09417-1 · Cited by 1
The motivational nature of system justification: Dilemma and coping
Zeng, Z., Zhang, Y., Yang, S., & Guo, Y. (2023) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2022-1306 · Cited by 1
Eichhorn, J., Thomet, J., & Solaz, A. G. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s13412-024-00953-x · Cited by 1
No cool dudes in Austria: Determinants of Austrian climate change skepticism
Bolte, S., Klackl, J., Hansen, J., Jonas, E., & Uhl-Haedicke, I. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102733 · Cited by 1
Pompper, D. (2016) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2016.1204151 · Cited by 1
Klas, A., Clarke, E. J. R., Fielding, K. S., Mackay, M. I., Lohmann, S., & Ling, M. (2021) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1172473/v1 · Cited by 1
Attentional and perceptual biases of climate changePreprint
Zhao, J., & Luo, Y. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/puytg · Cited by 2
Richler, J. (2016) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/nclimate3175
When does deprivation motivate future-oriented thinking? The case of climate change
Pearson, A. R., & van der Linden, S. (2017) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x17001066
Bellovary, A. K. (2017) · Digital Commons-DePaul (DePaul University) · doi:10.17605/osf.io/csgfj
I want to (dis)believe: political ideology and misinformation in the marketplace
Peixoto, F. V. (2019) · Americanae (AECID Library)
Support for climate change mitigation can be promoted by secure human attachmentPreprint
Nisa, C. F., Bélanger, J. J., Schumpe, B. M., & Sasin, E. M. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/j7n4h
Essays on Consumers’ Socially Responsible Decision Making
Çakanlar, A. (2021) · Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)
(2017) · Presses universitaires de Rennes eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.pur.142153
Moral Responsibility for Self-Deluding Beings
Franz, D. J. (2022) · Philosophia · doi:10.1007/s11406-022-00469-0
Contemporary Challenges to Democracy
(2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108779104.025
An audience segmentation approach to conservation messaging for transforming the exotic pet tradePreprint
Naito, R., Chan, K. M. A., de la Lama, R. L., & Zhao, J. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/a3upn
Exploring ideological differences in Taiwanese perceptions of cross-strait relations
Chen, R., Kironská, K., & Čeněk, J. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05166-z · Cited by 1
Motivated Social Cognition About Social Justice
Hennes, E. P., Dang, L., & Jost, J. T. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197763414.013.37
Self-citationFarias, D. B. L. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197762097.013.0040
Metadata
- Authors
- Hennes, E. P., Ruisch, B. C., Feygina, I., Monteiro, C. A., & Jost, J. T.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- Climate Central (US)
- University of Massachusetts Boston (US)
- New York University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
- Published
- 2016-06
- Volume
- 145
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 755-771
- ISSN
- 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2222
- OpenAlex
- W2342684657
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 30.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (SES-1226944)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change Communication and Perception
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Pro-Environmental Behavior and Attitudes
- Keywords
- system justification, climate change skepticism, anthropogenic climate change, economic systems, economic recession, economic recovery, environmental information processing, pro-environmental attitudes, climate change mitigation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Economics, Humans, Motivation, Mental Recall, Climate Change
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review