Plummeting gannets: a paradigm of ecological optics
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The variable tau can adaptively guide the gannet's closing of the wings when diving to catch fish.
“Being specific to time-to-contact, this variable, "tau", can adaptively guide the gannet's closing of the wings when diving into the water to catch a fish (Lee & Reddish 1981).”
From Productive pluralism: The coming of age of ecological psychology. (2024) · cites this paper as Lee & Reddish 1981
Cites
The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception
Bornstein, M. H., & Gibson, J. J. (1980) · The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism · doi:10.2307/429816 · Cited by 22,935 · see citing works
The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception: Classic Edition
Gibson, J. J. (2014) · doi:10.4324/9781315740218 · Cited by 12,132 · see citing works
A Theory of Visual Control of Braking Based on Information about Time-to-Collision
Lee, D. N. (1976) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p050437 · Cited by 2,094 · see citing works
Self-citationStelmach, G. E., & Requin, J. (1980) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)x6078-9 · Cited by 1,705 · see citing works
The optic flow field: the foundation of vision
Lee, D. (1980) · Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1980.0089 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
Self-citationInformation Used in Judging Impending Collision
Schiff, W., & Detwiler, M. L. (1979) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p080647 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Psychology of motor behavior and sport
Landers, D. M., Christina, R. W., Roberts, G. C., Karl, M. N., & Claude, H. N. (1978) · Human Kinetics eBooks · Cited by 378 · see citing works
16 Visuo-Motor Coordination in Space-Time
Lee, D. N. (1980) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)61951-2 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Self-citationReview of Psychology of motor behavior and sport--1977.
Posner, M. I. (1978) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/016770 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The motor theory of speech perception revised
Liberman, A. M., & Mattingly, I. G. (1985) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90021-6 · Cited by 2,865 · see citing works
Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension
Clark, A. (2008) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333213.001.0001 · Cited by 2,201 · see citing works
Perceiving affordances: Visual guidance of stair climbing.
Warren, W. H. (1984) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.10.5.683 · Cited by 1,242 · see citing works
An embodied cognitive science?
Clark, A. (1999) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(99)01361-3 · Cited by 781 · see citing works
Koenderink, J. J. (1986) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(86)90078-7 · Cited by 707 · see citing works
Précis of The Modularity of Mind
Fodor, J. A. (1985) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0001921x · Cited by 642 · see citing works
The Measurement of Visual Motion
Ullman, S., & Hildreth, E. C. (1985) · Springer series in information sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-68888-1_11 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Timing an attacking forehand drive in table tennis.
Bootsma, R. J., & van Wieringen, P. C. W. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.16.1.21 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Numerical competence in animals: Definitional issues, current evidence, and a new research agenda
Davis, H., & Pérusse, R. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00053437 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
(2009) · International journal of sport psychology · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Regulation of gait in long jumping.
Lee, D. N., Lishman, J. R., & Thomson, J. A. (1982) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.8.3.448 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Self-citationVisual Timing in Hitting An Accelerating Ball
Lee, D. N., Young, D. S., Reddish, P. E., Lough, S., & Clayton, T. M. (1983) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640748308402138 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopment of Visually Guided Locomotion
Adolph, K. E., & Eppler, M. A. (1998) · Ecological Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15326969eco103 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Flow-field variables trigger landing in flies
Wagner, H. (1982) · Nature · doi:10.1038/297147a0 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Representation of Visual Gravitational Motion in the Human Vestibular Cortex
Indovina, I., Maffei, V., Bosco, G., Zago, M., Macaluso, E., & Lacquaniti, F. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1107961 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Haber, R. N. (1983) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0001428x · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Catching balls: How to get the hand to the right place at the right time.
Peper, L., Bootsma, R. J., Mestre, D., & Bakker, F. C. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.20.3.591 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Time to collision is signalled by neurons in the nucleus rotundus of pigeons
Wang, Y., & Frost, B. J. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/356236a0 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Computation of different optical variables of looming objects in pigeon nucleus rotundus neurons
Sun, H., & Frost, B. J. (1998) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/1110 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Cortical connections and parallel processing: Structure and function
Ballard, D. H. (1986) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00021555 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
On specification and the senses
Stoffregen, T. A., & Bardy, B. G. (2001) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x01003946 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Computation of Object Approach by a Wide-Field, Motion-Sensitive Neuron
Gabbiani, F., Krapp, H. G., & Laurent, G. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-03-01122.1999 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Ways of coloring: Comparative color vision as a case study for cognitive science
Thompson, E. T., Palacios, A. G., & Varela, F. J. (1992) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00067248 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
The measurement of visual motion
Ullman, S. (1983) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(83)90081-4 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Guiding Movement by Coupling Taus
Lee, D. N. (1998) · Ecological Psychology · doi:10.1080/10407413.1998.9652683 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Self-citationJacobs, D. M., & Michaels, C. F. (2007) · Ecological Psychology · doi:10.1080/10407410701432337 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
McDonald, A. D., Alambeigi, H., Engström, J., Markkula, G. M., Vogelpohl, T., Dunne, J., & Yuma, N. (2019) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720819829572 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
(1992) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)x6080-7 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Tresilian, J. R. (1995) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03206510 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
An Adaptive Bias in the Perception of Looming Auditory Motion
Neuhoff, J. G. (2001) · Ecological Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15326969eco1302_2 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Visuo-motor coordination and internal models for object interception
Zago, M., McIntyre, J., Senot, P., & Lacquaniti, F. (2009) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-008-1691-3 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Elementary Computation of Object Approach by a Wide-Field Visual Neuron
Hatsopoulos, N., Gabbiani, F., & Laurent, G. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.270.5238.1000 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Processing differential image motion
Rieger, J. H., & Lawton, D. T. (1985) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.2.000354 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Understanding bird collisions with man‐made objects: a sensory ecology approach
Martin, G. R. (2011) · Ibis · doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2011.01117.x · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Visual control of step length during running over irregular terrain.
Warren, W. H., Young, D. S., & Lee, D. N. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.12.3.259 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Self-citationVisual prediction: Psychophysics and neurophysiology of compensation for time delays
Nijhawan, R. (2008) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x08003804 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Visual Information and Skill Level in Time-To-Collision Estimation
Cavallo, V., & Laurent, M. (1988) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p170623 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
von Hofsten, C. (1983) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.9.1.75 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Vision-Based, Distributed Control Laws for Motion Coordination of Nonholonomic Robots
Moshtagh, N., Michael, N.-M., Jadbabaie, A., & Daniilidis, K. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Robotics · doi:10.1109/tro.2009.2022439 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Visually timed action: time-out for 'tau'?
Tresilian, J. R. (1999) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(99)01352-2 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Visual fields and their functions in birds
Martin, G. R. (2007) · Journal für Ornithologie · doi:10.1007/s10336-007-0213-6 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Driving experience and perception of the lead car's braking when looking at in-car targets
Summala, H., Lamble, D., & Laakso, M. (1998) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/s0001-4575(98)00005-0 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
How we avoid collisions with stationary and moving objects.
Cutting, J. E., Vishton, P. M., & Braren, P. A. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.102.4.627 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Clark, A. (2015) · The Southern Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1111/sjp.12120 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Neural network based on the input organization of an identified neuron signaling impending collision
Rind, F. C., & Bramwell, D. I. (1996) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1996.75.3.967 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Empirical and theoretical issues in the perception of time to contact.
Tresilian, J. R. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.17.3.865 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Zago, M., Bosco, G., Maffei, V., Iosa, M., Ivanenko, Y. P., & Lacquaniti, F. (2004) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00862.2003 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Segundo‐Ortin, M., & Raja, V. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009451413 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Visual Control of Velocity of Approach by Pigeons When Landing
Lee, D. N., Davies, M. N. O., Green, P. R., & van der Weel, F. R. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.180.1.85 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Self-citationRe-Inventing Ourselves: The Plasticity of Embodiment, Sensing, and Mind
Clark, A. (2007) · The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine · doi:10.1080/03605310701397024 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Taga, G. (1998) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/s004220050408 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Head, eye and arm coordination in table tennis
Rodrigues, S. T., Vickers, J. N., & Williams, A. M. (2002) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/026404102317284754 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Motion detection in insect orientation and navigation
Srinivasan, M. V., Poteser, M., & Kral, K. (1999) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(99)00002-4 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Chapter 1 Visual Processing Time and the Control of Movement
Carlton, L. G. (1992) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)62008-7 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Lee, D. N., Bootsma, R. J., Land, M. F., Regan, D. M., & Gray, R. (2009) · Perception · doi:10.1068/pmklee · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman echolocation as a basic form of perception and action
Stroffregen, T. A., & Pittenger, J. B. (1995) · Ecological Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15326969eco0703_2 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Seeing what is coming: building collision-sensitive neurones
Rind, F. C., & Simmons, P. J. (1999) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(98)01332-0 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Robustness of perception of heading from optic flow
van den Berg, A. V. (1992) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(92)90223-6 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Rigid body motion from depth and optical flow
Ballard, D. H., & Kimball, O. (1983) · Computer Vision Graphics and Image Processing · doi:10.1016/0734-189x(83)90097-x · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Looking down, around, and up: Mechanistic explanation in psychology
Bechtel, W. (2009) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515080903238948 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Visual Timing of Interceptive Action
Lee, D. N., & Young, D. S. (1985) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5071-9_1 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat is binocular vision for? A birds' eye view
Martin, G. R. (2009) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/9.11.14 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
The History and Philosophy of Ecological Psychology
Lobo, L., Heras-Escribano, M., & Travieso, D. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02228 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Intentionality and information processing: An alternative model for cognitive science
Sayre, K. M. (1986) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00021750 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Collision Detection as a Model for Sensory-Motor Integration
Fotowat, H., & Gabbiani, F. (2011) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113632 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
The philosophy of plant neurobiology: a manifesto
Calvo, P. (2016) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-016-1040-1 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
A roadside simulation of road crossing for children
Lee, D. N., Young, D. S., & MCLAUGHLIN, C. M. (1984) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140138408963608 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationMartin, G. R. (2017) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199694532.001.0001 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Warren, W. H. (1995) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012240530-3/50010-9 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Detecting Deception in Movement: The Case of the Side-Step in Rugby
Brault, S., Bideau, B., Kulpa, R., & Craig, C. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037494 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Monocular optical constraints on collision control.
Smith, M. R. H., Flach, J. M., Dittman, S. M., & Stanard, T. W. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.27.2.395 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Optical specification of time-to-passage: Observers' sensitivity to global tau.
Kaiser, M. K., & Mowafy, L. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.19.5.1028 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Ballard, D. H. (1984) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(84)90052-3 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Chapter 14 Action Modes and Laws of Control for the Visual Guidance Of Action
Warren, W. H. (1988) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)62564-9 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
The ecological approach to perceiving-acting: A pictorial essay
Turvey, M. T., & Carello, C. (1986) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(86)90060-0 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Oliva, D., Medan, V., & Tomsic, D. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.02707 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Aerial docking by hummingbirds
Lee, D. N., Reddish, P. E., & Rand, D. T. (1991) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/bf01131406 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationMetabolic asymmetry and the global diversity of marine predators
Grady, J. M., Maitner, B., Winter, A. S., Kaschner, K., Tittensor, D. P., Record, S., Smith, F. A., Wilson, A. M., Dell, A. I., Zarnetske, P. L., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aat4220 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Heesy, C. P. (2007) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000108621 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Motor strategies in landing from a jump: the role of skill in task execution
McKinley, P. A., & Pedotti, A. (1992) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00227257 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
A contribution to vision-based autonomous helicopter flight in urban environments
Muratet, L., Doncieux, S., Brière, Y., & Meyer, J.-A. (2004) · Robotics and Autonomous Systems · doi:10.1016/j.robot.2004.09.017 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Virtual Time-to-Collision and Human Postural Control
Slobounov, S., Slobounova, E. S., & Newell, K. M. (1997) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222899709600841 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Weimerskirch, H., Corre, M. L., Ropert‐Coudert, Y., Kato, A., & Marsac, F. (2005) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2918 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Kinematic analysis of obstacle clearance during locomotion
Austin, G. P., Garrett, G. E., & Bohannon, R. W. (1999) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/s0966-6362(99)00022-3 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Guiding Movement by Coupling Taus
Lee, D. (1998) · Ecological Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15326969eco103&4_4 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Self-citationGravity as a Strong Prior: Implications for Perception and Action
Jörges, B., & López‐Moliner, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00203 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
The Locust Dcmd, a Movement-Detecting Neurone Tightly Tuned to Collision Trajectories
Judge, S. J., & Rind, F. C. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.200.16.2209 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The evolution of visual processing and the construction of seeing systems
Horridge, G. A. (1987) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1987.0020 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Perceptual Information for the Timing of Interceptive Action
Tresilian, J. R. (1990) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p190223 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Altshuler, D., Bahlman, J. W., Dakin, R., Gaede, A. H., Goller, B., Lentink, D., Segre, P., & Skandalis, D. A. (2015) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/cjz-2015-0103 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Between air and water: the plunge dive of the Cape Gannet Morus capensis
Ropert‐Coudert, Y., Grémillet, D., Ryan, P. G., Kato, A., Naito, Y., & Maho, Y. L. (2003) · Ibis · doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2003.00250.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Contribution of listeners' approaching motion to auditory distance perception.
Ashmead, D. H., Davis, D. L., & Northington, A. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.21.2.239 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
General ecological information supports engagement with affordances for ‘higher’ cognition
Bruineberg, J. P., Chemero, A. P., & Rietveld, E. (2018) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-018-1716-9 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Jacobs, D. M., Runeson, S., & Michaels, C. F. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.27.5.1019 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Neurophysiology of Perceptual and Motor Aspects of Interception
Merchant, H., & Georgopoulos, A. P. (2005) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00422.2005 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Busting Out: Predictive Brains, Embodied Minds, and the Puzzle of the Evidentiary Veil
Clark, A. (2016) · Noûs · doi:10.1111/nous.12140 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
On the information-based regulation of movement: What Wann (1996) may want to consider.
Bootsma, R. J., Fayt, V., Zaal, F. T. J. M., & Laurent, M. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.23.4.1282 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Aging and the Perception of Biological Motion.
Norman, J. F., Payton, S. M., Long, J. R., & Hawkes, L. M. (2004) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.19.1.219 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Lateral interception I: Operative optical variables, attunement, and calibration.
Jacobs, D. M., & Michaels, C. F. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.32.2.443 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Reaction-anticipation transitions in human perception-action patterns
Engstrøm, D. A., Kelso, J. A. S., & Holroyd, T. (1996) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/s0167-9457(96)00031-0 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lee, D. N., & Reddish, P. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1981-09
- Volume
- 293
- Issue
- 5830
- Pages
- 293-294
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2018048272
- Cited by
- 743
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 12.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Avian ecology and behavior
- Keywords
- gannets, Sula bassana, plunge diving, visual control of movement, ecological optics, seabirds, motion perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review