Recent patterns and mechanisms of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems
Open accessAbstract
Knowledge of carbon exchange between the atmosphere, land and the oceans is important, given that the terrestrial and marine environments are currently absorbing about half of the carbon dioxide that is emitted by fossil-fuel combustion. This carbon uptake is therefore limiting the extent of atmospheric and climatic change, but its long-term nature remains uncertain. Here we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of global and regional patterns of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems. Atmospheric carbon dioxide and oxygen data confirm that the terrestrial biosphere was largely neutral with respect to net carbon exchange during the 1980s, but became a net carbon sink in the 1990s. This recent sink can be largely attributed to northern extratropical areas, and is roughly split between North America and Eurasia. Tropical land areas, however, were approximately in balance with respect to carbon exchange, implying a carbon sink that offset emissions due to tropical deforestation. The evolution of the terrestrial carbon sink is largely the result of changes in land use over time, such as regrowth on abandoned agricultural land and fire prevention, in addition to responses to environmental changes, such as longer growing seasons, and fertilization by carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Nevertheless, there remain considerable uncertainties as to the magnitude of the sink in different regions and the contribution of different processes.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Terrestrial and marine environments presently absorb about half of anthropogenic CO2.
“Terrestrial and marine environments presently absorb about half the anthropogenic CO 2 (Schimel et al., 2001)”
From Breeding crop plants with deep roots: their role in sustainable carbon, nutrient and water sequestration (2011) · cites this paper as Schimel et al., 2001
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Climate change 2001 : the scientific basis
Houghton, J., Ding, Y., Griggs, D., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P. V. D., Dai, X., Maskell, K., & Johnson, C. (2001) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20033020 · Cited by 14,162 · see citing works
Observational Contrains on the Global Atmospheric Co <sub>2</sub> Budget
Tans, P. P., Fung, I. Y., & Takahashi, T. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.247.4949.1431 · Cited by 2,066 · see citing works
Crämer, W., Bondeau, A., Woodward, F. I., Prentice, I. C., Betts, R., Brovkin, V. A., Cox, P. M., Fisher, V. A., Foley, J. A., Friend, A. D., et al. (2001) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00383.x · Cited by 2,003 · see citing works
Self-citationTRENDS '90: A compendium of data on global change
Sepanski, R. J., Boden, T. A., Kanciruk, P., & Farrell, M. P. (1990) · doi:10.2172/6448374 · Cited by 1,586 · see citing works
Changes in Forest Biomass Carbon Storage in China Between 1949 and 1998
Fang, J., Chen, A., Peng, C. H., Zhao, S., & Ci, L. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1058629 · Cited by 1,584 · see citing works
Janetos, A. C., Watson, R. T., Zinyowera, M. C., & Moss, R. H. (1997) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/2265930 · Cited by 1,580 · see citing works
Surface air temperature and its changes over the past 150 years
Jones, P. D., New, M. G., Parker, D. E., Martin, S., & Rigor, I. G. (1999) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1029/1999rg900002 · Cited by 1,487 · see citing works
Variation Among Biomes in Temporal Dynamics of Aboveground Primary Production
Knapp, A. K., & Smith, M. D. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.291.5503.481 · Cited by 1,426 · see citing works
Parton, W. J., Scurlock, J. M. O., Ojima, D. S., Gilmanov, T. G., Scholes, R. J., Schimel, D. S., Kirchner, T., Menaut, J., Seastedt, T., Garcia Moya, E., et al. (1993) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/93gb02042 · Cited by 1,319 · see citing works
Self-citationThe U.S. Carbon Budget: Contributions from Land-Use Change
Houghton, R. A., Hackler, J. L., & Lawrence, K. T. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.285.5427.574 · Cited by 1,136 · see citing works
Self-citationBarber, V. A., Juday, G. P., & Finney, B. P. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35015049 · Cited by 1,056 · see citing works
Comparing global models of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP): overview and key results
Crämer, W., Kicklighter, D. W., Bondeau, A., Moore, B., Churkina, G., Nemry, B., Ruimy, A., Schloss, A. L., & Intercomparison, T. P. O. T. P. N. M. (1999) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00009.x · Cited by 1,049 · see citing works
Self-citationChanges in the Carbon Balance of Tropical Forests: Evidence from Long-Term Plots
Phillips, O. L., Malhi, Y. S., Higuchi, N., Laurance, W. F., Núñez, P., Vásquez, R., Laurance, S. G. W., Ferreira, L. V., Stern, M. J., Brown, S., et al. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.282.5388.439 · Cited by 882 · see citing works
Consistent Land- and Atmosphere-Based U.S. Carbon Sink Estimates
Pacala, S. W., HURTT, G. C., Baker, D. F., Peylin, P., Houghton, R. A., Birdsey, R. A., Heath, L. S., Sundquist, E. T., Stallard, R. F., Ciais, P., et al. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1057320 · Cited by 817 · see citing works
Self-citationFan, S., Gloor, M. U., Mahlman, J. D., Pacala, S. W., Sarmiento, J. L., Takahashi, T., & Tans, P. P. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.282.5388.442 · Cited by 817 · see citing works
Self-citationConway, T., Tans, P., Waterman, L., Thoning, K., Kitzis, D., Masarie, K., & Ni, Z.-B. (1994) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/94jd01951 · Cited by 813 · see citing works
McGUIRE, A. D., Sitch, S. A., Clein, J. S., Dargaville, R., ESSER, G., Foley, J. A., Heimann, M., Joos, F., Kaplan, J. O., Kicklighter, D. W., et al. (2001) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2000gb001298 · Cited by 767 · see citing works
Self-citationCiais, P., Tans, P. P., Trolier, M., White, J. W. C., & Francey, R. J. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.269.5227.1098 · Cited by 759 · see citing works
Self-citationRegional Changes in Carbon Dioxide Fluxes of Land and Oceans Since 1980
Bousquet, P., Peylin, P., Ciais, P., Quéré, C. L., Friedlingstein, P., & Tans, P. P. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.290.5495.1342 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
Self-citationExchange of Carbon Dioxide by a Deciduous Forest: Response to Interannual Climate Variability
Goulden, M. L., Munger, J. W., Fan, S., Daube, B. C., & Wofsy, S. C. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.271.5255.1576 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
A 70-year retrospective analysis of carbon fluxes in the Canadian forest sector
Kurz, W. A., & Apps, M. J. (1999) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0526:ayraoc]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 680 · see citing works
Self-citationBiomass and Carbon Budget of European Forests, 1971 to 1990
Kauppi, P. E., Mielikäinen, K., & Kuusela, K. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.256.5053.70 · Cited by 661 · see citing works
Global and hemispheric CO2 sinks deduced from changes in atmospheric O2 concentration
Keeling, R. F., Piper, S. C., & Heimann, M. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/381218a0 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Self-citationContribution of Increasing CO 2 and Climate to Carbon Storage by Ecosystems in the United States
SCHIMEL, D. S., Melillo, J. M., Tian, H., McGuire, A. D., Kicklighter, D. W., Kittel, T. G. F., Rosenbloom, N. A., Running, S. W., THORNTON, P. E., Ojima, D. S., et al. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5460.2004 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Self-citationGrowth Trends in European Forests
Spiecker, H., Mielikäinen, K., Köhl, M., & Skovsgaard, J. P. (1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-61178-0 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
The Response of Global Terrestrial Ecosystems to Interannual Temperature Variability
BRASWELL, B. H., SCHIMEL, D. S., Linder, E., & Moore, B. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.278.5339.870 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Self-citationContributions of Land-Use History to Carbon Accumulation in U.S. Forests
Caspersen, J. P., Pacala, S. W., Jenkins, J. C., HURTT, G. C., Moorcroft, P. R., & Birdsey, R. A. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1148 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Self-citationCarbon and Nitrogen Cycling in European Forest Ecosystems
Andersen, B., & Gundersen, P. (2000) · Ecological studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-57219-7 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Carbon dioxide transfer over a Central Amazonian rain forest
Malhi, Y. S., Nobre, A. D., Grace, J., Kruijt, B., Pereira, M. G. P., Culf, A. D., & Scott, S. (1998) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/98jd02647 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Responses of Terrestrial Ecosystems to the Changing Atmosphere: A Resource-Based Approach
Field, C. B., Chapin, F. S., Matson, P. A., & Mooney, H. A. (1992) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.001221 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Self-citationReconstructing the recent carbon cycle from atmospheric CO2, δ13C and O2/N2 observations*
Rayner, P. J., Enting, I. G., Francey, R. J., & Langenfelds, R. L. (1999) · Tellus B · doi:10.3402/tellusb.v51i2.16273 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Self-citationArcher, S., Boutton, T. W., & Hibbard, K. A. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012631260-7/50011-x · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Self-citationContemporary and pre-industrial global reactive nitrogen budgets
Holland, E. A., Dentener, F. J., BRASWELL, B. H., & Sulzman, J. M. (1999) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1023/a:1006148011944 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Self-citationSPATIAL PATTERNS OF ABOVEGROUND PRODUCTION AND MORTALITY OF WOODY BIOMASS FOR EASTERN U.S. FORESTS
Brown, S., & Schroeder, P. E. (1999) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0968:spoapa]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Dynamics of Soil Carbon During Deglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet
Harden, J. W., Mark, R. K., Sundquist, E. T., & Stallard, R. F. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.258.5090.1921 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Inverse modeling of annual atmospheric CO2sources and sinks: 1. Method and control inversion
Bousquet, P., Ciais, P., Peylin, P., Ramonet, M., & Monfray, P. (1999) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/1999jd900342 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the contribution of CO2fertilization to the missing biospheric sink
Friedlingstein, P., FUNG, I. Y., Holland, E. A., John, J. G., Brasseur, G. P., Erickson, D., & SCHIMEL, D. S. (1995) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/95gb02381 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Self-citationDeFries, R., Field, C. B., FUNG, I. Y., Justice, C. O., Los, S. O., Matson, P. A., Matthews, E., Mooney, H. A., Potter, C. S., Prentice, K. C., et al. (1995) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/95jd01536 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Self-citationKeyser, A. R., Kimball, J. S., Nemani, R. R., & Running, S. W. (2000) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06020.x · Cited by 176 · see citing works
THE CARBON BALANCE OF THE TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE: ECOSYSTEM MODELS AND ATMOSPHERIC OBSERVATIONS
Prentice, I. C., Heimann, M., & Sitch, S. A. (2000) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1553:tcbott]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationThree-dimensional transport and concentration of SF6 A model intercomparison study (TransCom 2)
Denning, S., Holzer, M., Gurney, K. R., Heimann, M., Law, R. M., Rayner, P. J., FUNG, I. Y., Fan, S.-M., Taguchi, S., Friedlingstein, P., et al. (1999) · Tellus B · doi:10.3402/tellusb.v51i2.16286 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationInterannual variation of carbon exchange fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems
Kindermann, J., Würth, G., Kohlmaier, G. H., & Badeck, F. (1996) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/96gb02349 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Intra‐annual and interannual variability of ecosystem processes in shortgrass steppe
Kelly, R. H., Parton, W. J., Hartman, M. D., Stretch, L. K., Ojima, D. S., & SCHIMEL, D. S. (2000) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2000jd900259 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationBender, M. L., Taylor, E., Tans, P. P., Francey, R. J., & Lowe, D. C. (1996) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/95gb03295 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Full Carbon Account for RussiaPreprint
Nilsson, S. B., Shvidenko, А., Stolbovoi, V., Gluck, M. J., Jonas, M., & Obersteiner, M. H. (2000) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Kaminski, T., Heimann, M., & Giering, R. (1999) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/1999jd900147 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluence of transport uncertainty on annual mean and seasonal inversions of atmospheric CO2 data
Peylin, P., Baker, D. F., Sarmiento, J. L., Ciais, P., & Bousquet, P. (2002) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2001jd000857 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationThe relationship between tropical CO2 fluxes and the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation
Rayner, P. J., Law, R. M., & Dargaville, R. (1999) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/1999gl900008 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationInterannual variability in the global carbon cycle
Houghton, R. A. (2000) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2000jd900041 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationSources and sinks of atmospheric H2S
Jaeschke, W., Claude, H., & Herrmann, J. (1980) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jc085ic10p05639 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Schulze, E., Högberg, P., Oene, H. V., Persson, T., Harrison, A. F., Read, D. J., Kjøller, A. H., & Matteucci, G. (2000) · Ecological studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-57219-7_21 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
A diagnostic study of temperature controls on global terrestrial carbon exchange
Vukićević, T., BRASWELL, B. H., & SCHIMEL, D. S. (2001) · Tellus B · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0889.2001.d01-13.x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, X., & Wang, M. (2000) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/1999gl006073 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
A diagnostic study of temperature controls on global terrestrial carbon exchange
Vukićević, T., BRASWELL, B. H., & SCHIMEL, D. S. (2001) · Tellus B · doi:10.3402/tellusb.v53i2.16570 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- [5]Brown, S. in Climate Change 1995ÐImpacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scienti®c-Technical Analyses (eds Watson, R. T., Zinyowera, M. C., Moss, R. H. & Dokken, D. J.) 773± 797 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1996).
- [13]Heimann, M. Atmospheric Inversion Calculations Performed for IPCC Third Assessment Report Chapter 3 (The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2) (Max-Planck-Institute fu Èr Biogeochemie, Jena, 2001).
- [21]Gurney, K. R., Rayner, P., Law, R. & Denning, S. Atmospheric carbon budget inversion intercomparison: preliminary results. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 81, 276 (2000).
- [24]Houghton, R. A. A new estimate of global sources and sinks of carbon from land-use change. Eos 81, S281 (2000).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Plumbing the Global Carbon Cycle: Integrating Inland Waters into the Terrestrial Carbon Budget
Cole, J. J., Prairie, Y. T., Caraco, N. F., McDowell, W. H., Tranvik, L. J., Striegl, R. G., Duarte, C. M., Kortelainen, P., Downing, J. A., Middelburg, J. J., et al. (2007) · Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10021-006-9013-8 · Cited by 3,941 · see citing works
Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change
Lal, R. (2004) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.01.032 · Cited by 3,936 · see citing works
An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle
Gruber, N., & Galloway, J. N. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06592 · Cited by 3,595 · see citing works
Climate–Carbon Cycle Feedback Analysis: Results from the C4MIP Model Intercomparison
Friedlingstein, P., Cox, P., Betts, R., Bopp, L., von Bloh, W., Brovkin, V., Cadule, P., Doney, S., Eby, M., Fung, I., et al. (2006) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli3800.1 · Cited by 2,902 · see citing works
Self-citationDetermination of Deforestation Rates of the World's Humid Tropical Forests
Achard, F., Eva, H. D., Stibig, H.-J., Mayaux, P., Gallego, J., Richards, T., & Malingreau, J.-P. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1070656 · Cited by 1,993 · see citing works
The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems in China
Piao, S. L., Fang, J., Ciais, P., Peylin, P., Huang, Y., Sitch, S. A., & Wang, T. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07944 · Cited by 1,750 · see citing works
Self-citationSoil erosion and the global carbon budget
Lal, R. (2003) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/s0160-4120(02)00192-7 · Cited by 1,672 · see citing works
Soil Warming and Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks to the Climate System
Melillo, J. M., Steudler, P. A., Aber, J. D., Newkirk, K. M., Lux, H., Bowles, F. P., Catricala, C. E., Magill, A., Ahrens, T., & Morrisseau, S. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1074153 · Cited by 1,382 · see citing works
Self-citationModelling the role of agriculture for the 20th century global terrestrial carbon balance
Bondeau, A., Smith, P. L., Zaehle, S., Schaphoff, S., Lucht, W., Crämer, W., Gerten, D., Lotze‐Campen, H., Müller, C., Reichstein, M., et al. (2006) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01305.x · Cited by 1,292 · see citing works
Self-citationConvergence across biomes to a common rain-use efficiency
Huxman, T. E., Smith, M. D., Fay, P. A., Knapp, A. K., Shaw, M. R., Loik, M. E., Smith, S. D., Tissue, D. T., Zak, J. C., Weltzin, J. F., et al. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02561 · Cited by 1,258 · see citing works
Influence of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal regime: An overview
Zhang, T. (2005) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1029/2004rg000157 · Cited by 1,237 · see citing works
Carbon losses from all soils across England and Wales 1978–2003
Bellamy, P. H., Loveland, P. J., Bradley, R. I., Lark, R. M., & Kirk, G. J. D. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04038 · Cited by 1,131 · see citing works
Outgassing from Amazonian rivers and wetlands as a large tropical source of atmospheric CO2
Richey, J. E., Melack, J. M., Aufdenkampe, A. K., Ballester, V. M., & Hess, L. L. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/416617a · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works
Canopy near-infrared reflectance and terrestrial photosynthesis
Badgley, G., Field, C. B., & Berry, J. A. (2017) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1602244 · Cited by 1,074 · see citing works
Self-citationCO 2 balance of boreal, temperate, and tropical forests derived from a global database
Luyssaert, S., Inglima, I., Jung, M., Richardson, A. D., Reichstein, M., Papale, D., Piao, S. L., Schulze, E., Wingate, L., Matteucci, G., et al. (2007) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01439.x · Cited by 1,013 · see citing works
Self-citationEcosystem carbon loss with woody plant invasion of grasslands.
Jackson, R. B., Banner, J. L., Jobbágy, E. G., Pockman, W. T., & Wall, D. H. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature00910 · Cited by 1,007 · see citing works
Boisvenue, C., & Running, S. W. (2006) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01134.x · Cited by 953 · see citing works
Global distribution of C 3 and C 4 vegetation: Carbon cycle implications
Still, C. J., Berry, J. A., Collatz, G. J., & DeFries, R. (2003) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2001gb001807 · Cited by 905 · see citing works
Increase in observed net carbon dioxide uptake by land and oceans during the past 50 years
Ballantyne, A. P., Alden, C. B., Miller, J. B., Tans, P. P., & White, J. W. C. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11299 · Cited by 784 · see citing works
Piao, S. L., Sitch, S. A., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Peylin, P., Wang, X., Ahlström, A., Anav, A., Canadell, J. G., Cong, N., et al. (2013) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.12187 · Cited by 774 · see citing works
Self-citationECOHYDROLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF WOODY PLANT ENCROACHMENT
Huxman, T. E., Wilcox, B. P., Breshears, D. D., Scott, R. L., Snyder, K., Small, E. E., Hultine, K. R., Pockman, W. T., & Jackson, R. B. (2005) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/03-0583 · Cited by 748 · see citing works
DeFries, R., Houghton, R. A., Hansen, M. C., Field, C. B., Skole, D. L., & TOWNSHEND, J. R. G. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.182560099 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
Self-citationWenping, Y., Liu, S., Yu, G., Bonnefond, J.-M., Chen, J., Davis, K. J., Desai, A. R., Goldstein, A. H., Gianelle, D., Rossi, F., et al. (2010) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2010.01.022 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
Carbon Sequestration in Dryland Ecosystems
Lal, R. (2003) · Environmental Management · doi:10.1007/s00267-003-9110-9 · Cited by 698 · see citing works
Carbon cycling in earth systems—a soil science perspective
Janzen, H. H. (2004) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2004.01.040 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Large Chinese land carbon sink estimated from atmospheric carbon dioxide data
Wang, J., Feng, L., Palmer, P. I., Liu, Y., Fang, S., Boesch, H., O’Dell, C., Tang, X., Yang, D., Liu, L., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2849-9 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
Potassium: a neglected nutrient in global change
Sardans, J., & Peñuelas, J. (2015) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.12259 · Cited by 619 · see citing works
Reichstein, M., Rey, A., Freibauer, A., Tenhunen, J., Valentini, R., Banza, J., Casals, P., Cheng, Y., Grünzweig, J. M., Irvine, J., et al. (2003) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2003gb002035 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
Near real-time disturbance detection using satellite image time series
Verbesselt, J., Zeileis, A., & Herold, M. (2012) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2012.02.022 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Soil warming, carbon–nitrogen interactions, and forest carbon budgets
Melillo, J. M., Butler, S. M., Johnson, J. E., Mohan, J. E., Steudler, P. A., Lux, H., Burrows, E. H., Bowles, F. P., Smith, R. M., Scott, L., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1018189108 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Self-citationLinking the global carbon cycle to individual metabolism
ALLEN, A. P., GILLOOLY, J. F., & BROWN, J. H. (2005) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.00952.x · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Carbon respired by terrestrial ecosystems – recent progress and challenges
Trumbore, S. E. (2006) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01067.x · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Soil organic carbon dynamics: Impact of land use changes and management practices: A review
Thangavel, R., Bolan, N. S., Kirkham, M. B., Wijesekara, H., Kanchikerimath, M., Srinivasarao, C., Sandeep, S., Rinklebe, J., Ok, Y. S., Choudhury, B. U., et al. (2019) · Advances in agronomy · doi:10.1016/bs.agron.2019.02.001 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Carbon sequestration in croplands: the potential in Europe and the global context
Smith, P. (2004) · European Journal of Agronomy · doi:10.1016/j.eja.2003.08.002 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Carbon emissions from land-use change and management in China between 1990 and 2010
Lai, L., Huang, X., Yang, H., Chuai, X., Zhang, M., Zhong, T., Chen, Z., Chen, Y., Wang, X., & Thompson, J. R. (2016) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601063 · Cited by 566 · see citing works
NDVI-based increase in growth of temperate grasslands and its responses to climate changes in China
Piao, S. L., Mohammat, A., Fang, J., Cai, Q. G., & Feng, J. (2006) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.02.002 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Land use change and soil organic carbon dynamics
Smith, P. (2007) · Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10705-007-9138-y · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Sediment organic carbon burial in agriculturally eutrophic impoundments over the last century
Downing, J. A., Cole, J. J., Middelburg, J. J., Striegl, R. G., Duarte, C. M., Kortelainen, P., Prairie, Y. T., & Laube, K. A. (2008) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2006gb002854 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Factors controlling CO2 exchange on timescales from hourly to decadal at Harvard Forest
Urbanski, S. P., Barford, C. C., Wofsy, S. C., Kucharik, C. J., Pyle, E. H., Budney, J., McKain, K., Fitzjarrald, D. R., Czikowsky, M. J., & Munger, J. W. (2007) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2006jg000293 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Minor stimulation of soil carbon storage by nitrogen addition: A meta-analysis
Lu, M., Zhou, X., Luo, Y., Yang, Y., Fang, C., Chen, J., & Li, B. (2010) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2010.12.010 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Effects of biotic disturbances on forest carbon cycling in the U nited S tates and C anada
Hicke, J. A., Allen, C. D., Desai, A. R., Dietze, M. C., Hall, R. J., Hogg, E. H., Kashian, D. M., MOORE, D. J. P., Raffa, K. F., Sturrock, R. N., et al. (2011) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02543.x · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Reconciling the temperature dependence of respiration across timescales and ecosystem types
Yvon‐Durocher, G., Caffrey, J. M., Cescatti, A., Dossena, M., del Giorgio, P. A., Gasol, J. M., Montoya, J. M., Pumpanen, J., Stæhr, P. A. U., Trimmer, M., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11205 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Consequences of climate change for biotic disturbances in North American forests
Weed, A. S., Ayres, M. P., & Hicke, J. A. (2013) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1890/13-0160.1 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
A synthesis of current knowledge on forests and carbon storage in the United States
McKinley, D. C., Ryan, M. G., Birdsey, R. A., Giardina, C. P., Harmon, M. E., Heath, L. S., Houghton, R. A., Jackson, R. B., Morrison, J. F., Murray, B. C., et al. (2011) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/10-0697.1 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Self-citationde Jong, R., Verbesselt, J., Schaepman, M. E., & de Bruin, S. (2011) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02578.x · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Liu, S., Bond‐Lamberty, B., Hicke, J. A., Vargas, R., Zhao, S., Chen, J., Edburg, S. L., Hu, Y., Liu, J., McGuire, A. D., et al. (2011) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2010jg001585 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Species Loss and Aboveground Carbon Storage in a Tropical Forest
Bunker, D. E., DeClerck, F., Bradford, J. C., Colwell, R. K., Perfecto, I., Phillips, O. L., Sankaran, M., & Naeem, S. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1117682 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Thermal acclimation of leaf respiration but not photosynthesis in Populus deltoides×nigra
Ow, L. F., Griffin, K. L., Whitehead, D. C., Walcroft, A. S., & Turnbull, M. H. (2008) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02357.x · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Saurer, M. M., SIEGWOLF, R. T. W., & Schweingruber, F. H. (2004) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00869.x · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Blackard, J. A., Finco, M. V., Helmer, E. H., Holden, G. R., Hoppus, M. L., Jacobs, D. M., Lister, A. J., Moisen, G. G., NELSON, M., & Riemann, R. I. (2007) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2007.08.021 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Kell, D. B. (2011) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcr175 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Lehmann, J. C., Kinyangi, J. M., & Solomon, D. (2007) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-007-9105-3 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Soil microbial responses to experimental warming and clipping in a tallgrass prairie
Zhang, W., Parker, K. M., Luo, Y., Wan, S., Wallace, L. L., & Hu, S. (2005) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00902.x · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Lorenz, K. E., Lal, R., Preston, C. M., & Nierop, K. G. J. (2007) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.07.013 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Evidence for a recent increase in forest growth
McMahon, S. M., Parker, G. G., & Miller, D. R. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0912376107 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Soil organic carbon pool changes following land‐use conversions
DeGryze, S., Six, J., Paustian, K. H., Morris, S. J., Paul, E. A., & Merckx, R. (2004) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00786.x · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Chronic nitrogen additions suppress decomposition and sequester soil carbon in temperate forests
Frey, S. D., Ollinger, S. V., Nadelhoffer, K. J., Bowden, R. D., Brzostek, E., Burton, A. J., Caldwell, B. A., Crow, S. E., Goodale, C. L., Grandy, A. S., et al. (2014) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-014-0004-0 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Self-citationChanges in carbon storage and fluxes in a chronosequence of ponderosa pine
Law, B. E., Sun, O. J., Campbell, J. L., Tuyl, S. V., & THORNTON, P. E. (2003) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00624.x · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Vegetation dynamics – simulating responses to climatic change
Woodward, F. I., & Lomas, M. R. (2004) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1017/s1464793103006419 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Conundrums in mixed woody–herbaceous plant systems
House, J. I., Archer, S., Breshears, D. D., Scholes, R. J., & Participants, N. T. I. (2003) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00873.x · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Self-citationAgricultural activities and the global carbon cycle
Lal, R. (2004) · Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems · doi:10.1023/b:fres.0000048480.24274.0f · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Plant Species Numbers Predicted by a Topography-based Groundwater Flow Index
Zinko, U., Seibert, J., Dynesius, M., & Nilsson, C. F. (2003) · Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10021-003-0125-0 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Convergence of terrestrial plant production across global climate gradients
Michaletz, S. T., Cheng, D., Kerkhoff, A. J., & Enquist, B. J. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13470 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Changes in global terrestrial live biomass over the 21st century
Xu, L., Saatchi, S. S., Yang, Y., Yu, Y., Pongratz, J., Bloom, A. A., Bowman, K. W., Worden, J. R., Liu, J., Yin, Y., et al. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abe9829 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Self-citationThe carbon footprint of urban green space—A life cycle approach
Strohbach, M. W., Arnold, E., & Haase, D. (2011) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.10.013 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Green Surprise? How Terrestrial Ecosystems Could Affect Earth's Climate
Foley, J. A., Costa, M. H., Delire, C., Ramankutty, N., & Snyder, P. K. (2003) · Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment · doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0038:gshtec]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Richardson, A. D., Hollinger, D. Y., Dail, D. B., Lee, J. T., Munger, J. W., & O'Keefe, J. F. (2009) · Tree Physiology · doi:10.1093/treephys/tpn040 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Xiao, X., Boles, S. H., Liu, J., Zhuang, D., & Liu, M. (2002) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/s0034-4257(02)00051-2 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Changes in vegetation net primary productivity from 1982 to 1999 in China
Piao, S. L., Fang, J., Liming Zhou, B., Zhu, B., Tan, K., & Tao, S. (2005) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2004gb002274 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Prentice, I. C., Bondeau, A., Crämer, W., Harrison, S. P., Hickler, T., Lucht, W., Sitch, S. A., Smith, B., & Sykes, M. T. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-32730-1_15 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Self-citationImpact of Global Warming on Soil Organic Carbon
Smith, P., Fang, C., Dawson, J. J. C., & Moncrieff, J. B. (2008) · Advances in agronomy · doi:10.1016/s0065-2113(07)00001-6 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Long-Term Effects of Wildfire on Ecosystem Properties Across an Island Area Gradient
Wardle, D. A., Hörnberg, G., Zackrisson, O., Kalela‐Brundin, M., & Coomes, D. A. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1082709 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Raupach, M., Rayner, P. J., Barrett, D. J., DeFries, R., Heimann, M., Ojima, D. S., Quegan, S., & Schmullius, C. (2005) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00917.x · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Self-citationA research agenda for improving national Ecological Footprint accounts
Kitzes, J. A., Galli, A., Bagliani, M. M., Barrett, J., Dige, G., Ede, S., Erb, K., Giljum, S., Haberl, H., Hails, C., et al. (2008) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.022 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Meersmans, J., Ridder, F. D., Canters, F., Baets, S. D., & Molle, M. V. (2007) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.08.025 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Vegetation index trends for the African Sahel 1982–1999
Eklundh, L., & Olsson, L. (2003) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2002gl016772 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Gurney, K. R., Law, R. M., Denning, S., Rayner, P. J., Baker, D. F., Bousquet, P., Bruhwiler, L., Chen, Y.-H., Ciais, P., Fan, S., et al. (2003) · Tellus B · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.00049.x · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Self-citationSokolov, A., Kicklighter, D. W., Melillo, J. M., Felzer, B. S., Schlosser, C. A., & Cronin, T. W. (2008) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/2008jcli2038.1 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Self-citationPiao, S. L., Fang, J., & He, J. (2006) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-005-6339-8 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Xiao, J., & Moody, A. (2005) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2005.07.011 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Smith, P. (2012) · Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2012.06.005 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Slow in, Rapid out--Carbon Flux Studies and Kyoto Targets
Körner, C. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1084460 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Darkness visible: reflections on underground ecology
FITTER, A. H. (2005) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.0022-0477.2005.00990.x · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Global long-term passive microwave satellite-based retrievals of vegetation optical depth
Liu, Y., de Jeu, R., McCabe, M. F., Evans, J. P., & van Dijk, A. I. J. M. (2011) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2011gl048684 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Dragoni, D., Schmid, H. P., Wayson, C. A., Potter, H., Grimmond, S., & Randolph, J. C. (2010) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02281.x · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Nemergut, D. R., Townsend, A. R., Sattin, S. R., Freeman, K. R., Fierer, N., Neff, J. C., Bowman, W. D., Schadt, C. W., Weintraub, M. N., & Schmidt, S. K. (2008) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01735.x · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Description and basic evaluation of Beijing Normal University Earth System Model (BNU-ESM) version 1
Ji, D., Wang, L., Feng, J., Wu, Q., Cheng, H., Zhang, Q., Yang, J., Dong, W., Dai, Y., Gong, D., et al. (2014) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-7-2039-2014 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in different ecosystems in China
Peng, S., Piao, S. L., Wang, T., Sun, J., & Shen, Z. (2008) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.10.023 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
FLUXNET and modelling the global carbon cycle
Friend, A. D., Arneth, A., Kiang, N. Y.-L., Lomas, M. R., Ogée, J., Rödenbeck, C., Running, S. W., SANTAREN, J., Sitch, S. A., Viovy, N., et al. (2006) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01223.x · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Clark, D. A. (2004) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2003.1426 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
North American prairie wetlands are important nonforested land-based carbon storage sites
Euliss, N. H., Gleason, R. A., Olness, A., McDougal, R. L., Murkin, H. R., Robarts, R. D., Bourbonniere, R. A., & Warner, B. G. (2005) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.06.007 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Ecosystem Goods and Services from Plantation Forests
Bauhus, J., Meer, P. J. V. D., & Kanninen, M. (2010) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781849776417 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Shifts in Global Vegetation Activity Trends
de Jong, R., Verbesselt, J., Zeileis, A., & Schaepman, M. E. (2013) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs5031117 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Linking land‐atmosphere‐stream carbon fluxes in a lowland peatland system
Billett, M. F., Palmer, S. M., Hope, D., Deacon, C. M., Storeton-West, R. L., Hargreaves, K. J., Fléchard, C., & Fowler, D. (2004) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2003gb002058 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Wan, S., Hui, D., Wallace, L. L., & Luo, Y. (2005) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2004gb002315 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Manning, A. C., & Keeling, R. F. (2006) · Tellus B · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00175.x · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Effects of nutrient addition on vegetation and carbon cycling in an ombrotrophic bog
Bubier, J. L., Moore, T. R., & Błędzki, L. A. (2007) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01346.x · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Morgenstern, K., Black, T. A., Humphreys, E. R., Griffis, T. J., Drewitt, G., Cai, T., Nesic, Z., Spittlehouse, D. L., & Livingston, N. J. (2004) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.12.003 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Modeling carbon dynamics in vegetation and soil under the impact of soil erosion and deposition
Liu, S., Bliss, N. B., Sundquist, E. T., & Huntington, T. G. (2003) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2002gb002010 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
- Authors
- Schimel, D. S., House, J. I., Hibbard, K. A., Bousquet, P., Ciais, P., Peylin, P., Braswell, B. H., Apps, M. J., Baker, D., Bondeau, A., Canadell, J., Churkina, G., Cramer, W., Denning, A. S., Field, C. B., Friedlingstein, P., Goodale, C., Heimann, M., Houghton, R. A., Melillo, J. M., Moore, B., Murdiyarso, D., Noble, I., Pacala, S. W., Prentice, I. C., Raupach, M. R., Rayner, P. J., Scholes, R. J., Steffen, W. L., & Wirth, C.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (DE)
- University of New Hampshire (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Canadian Forest Service (CA)
- NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research (US)
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (DE)
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (AU)
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (DE)
- Carnegie Institution for Science (US)
- Woodwell Climate Research Center (US)
- Marine Biological Laboratory (US)
- Australian National University (AU)
- Princeton University (US)
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (ZA)
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Schimel, D. S.
- ORCID
- Schimel, D. S.
- House, J. I.
- Bousquet, P.
- Ciais, P.
- Peylin, P.
- Braswell, B. H.
- Baker, D.
- Bondeau, A.
- Canadell, J.
- Churkina, G.
- Field, C. B.
- Friedlingstein, P.
- Goodale, C.
- Heimann, M.
- Houghton, R. A.
- Melillo, J. M.
- Moore, B.
- Murdiyarso, D.
- Noble, I.
- Pacala, S. W.
- Prentice, I. C.
- Raupach, M. R.
- Rayner, P. J.
- Scholes, R. J.
- Wirth, C.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2001-11
- Volume
- 414
- Issue
- 6860
- Pages
- 169-172
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2137336591
- Cited by
- 1,379
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 73.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hal.science
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (publishedVersion)
- University of New Hampshire Scholars Repository (University of New Hampshire at Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Publication Database PIK (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Keywords
- terrestrial carbon sink, carbon exchange, terrestrial biosphere, atmospheric CO2, oxygen isotopes, land use change, tropical deforestation, CO2 fertilization, nitrogen fertilization, growing season length, fire prevention, climate change mitigation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
