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A search for life on Earth from the Galileo spacecraft

Sagan, Carl, Thompson, W. Reid, Carlson, Robert, Gurnett, Donald, Hord, Charles·1993·Nature

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Abstract

In its December 1990 fly-by of Earth, the Galileo spacecraft found evidence of abundant gaseous oxygen, a widely distributed surface pigment with a sharp absorption edge in the red part of the visible spectrum, and atmospheric methane in extreme thermodynamic disequilibrium; together, these are strongly suggestive of life on Earth. Moreover, the presence of narrow-band, pulsed, amplitude-modulated radio transmission seems uniquely attributable to intelligence. These observations constitute a control experiment for the serach for extraterrestrial life by modern interplanetary spacecraft.

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Authors: Sagan, C., Thompson, W. R., Carlson, R., Gurnett, D., & Hord, C.
Affiliations: Cornell University (US)
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (US)
University of Iowa (US)
University of Colorado Boulder (US)
ORCID: Sagan, Carl
Carlson, Robert
Gurnett, Donald
Venue: Nature
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1993-10
Volume: 365
Issue: 6448
Pages: 715-721
ISSN: 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/365715a0
OpenAlex: W1972716255
Cited by: 507
References: 28
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 6.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Planetary Science and Exploration
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Earth Systems and Cosmic Evolution
Keywords: Galileo spacecraft, gaseous oxygen, atmospheric methane, thermodynamic non-equilibrium, radio transmission, extraterrestrial life detection, interplanetary spacecraft, planetary atmospheres
MeSH terms: Atmosphere, Extraterrestrial Environment, Methane, Oxygen, Radio Waves, Space Flight, Spectrophotometry, Infrared, Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet, Water, Spacecraft, Earth, Planet, Exobiology

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A search for life on Earth from the Galileo spacecraft

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