Cited by 3,399Cell death mechanisms and regulationAutophagy in Disease and TherapyDeath, Funerary Practices, and Mourning

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Classification of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2009

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Kroemer, G, Galluzzi, L, Vandenabeele, P, Abrams, J, Alnemri, E S, Baehrecke, E H, Blagosklonny, M V, El-Deiry, W S, Golstein, P, Green, D R, Hengartner, M, Knight, R A, Kumar, S, Lipton, S A, Malorni, W, Nuñez, G, Peter, M E, Tschopp, J, Yuan, J, Piacentini, M, Zhivotovsky, B, Melino, G·2009·Cell Death & Differentiation

DOI 10.1038/cdd.2008.150PMC PMC2744427

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Abstract

Different types of cell death are often defined by morphological criteria, without a clear reference to precise biochemical mechanisms. The Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) proposes unified criteria for the definition of cell death and of its different morphologies, while formulating several caveats against the misuse of words and concepts that slow down progress in the area of cell death research. Authors, reviewers and editors of scientific periodicals are invited to abandon expressions like 'percentage apoptosis' and to replace them with more accurate descriptions of the biochemical and cellular parameters that are actually measured. Moreover, at the present stage, it should be accepted that caspase-independent mechanisms can cooperate with (or substitute for) caspases in the execution of lethal signaling pathways and that 'autophagic cell death' is a type of cell death occurring together with (but not necessarily by) autophagic vacuolization. This study details the 2009 recommendations of the NCCD on the use of cell death-related terminology including 'entosis', 'mitotic catastrophe', 'necrosis', 'necroptosis' and 'pyroptosis'.

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Authors: Kroemer, G., Galluzzi, L., Vandenabeele, P., Abrams, J., Alnemri, E. S., Baehrecke, E. H., Blagosklonny, M. V., El-Deiry, W. S., Golstein, P., Green, D. R., Hengartner, M., Knight, R. A., Kumar, S., Lipton, S. A., Malorni, W., Nuñez, G., Peter, M. E., Tschopp, J., Yuan, J., Piacentini, M., Zhivotovsky, B., & Melino, G.
Affiliations: Inserm (FR)
Université Paris-Sud (FR)
Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (BE)
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
Thomas Jefferson University (US)
University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
Albany Research Institute (US)
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (US)
University of Zurich (CH)
University College London (GB)
Hanson Institute (AU)
Salk Institute for Biological Studies (US)
Istituto Superiore di Sanità (IT)
University of Chicago (US)
University of Lausanne (CH)
Harvard University (US)
University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Corresponding author: Kroemer, G
ORCID: Kroemer, G
Galluzzi, L
Vandenabeele, P
Abrams, J
Alnemri, E S
Baehrecke, E H
Golstein, P
Green, D R
Knight, R A
Kumar, S
Lipton, S A
Malorni, W
Peter, M E
Yuan, J
Zhivotovsky, B
Melino, G
Venue: Cell Death & Differentiation
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2008-10-10
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 3-11
ISSN: 1350-9047 (ISSN-L)
1476-5403
DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.150
PMC: PMC2744427
OpenAlex: W1976881265
Cited by: 3,399
References: 101
Citations by year: 2026: 47 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 100 · 2023: 151 · 2022: 137 · 2021: 171 · 2020: 161 · 2019: 165 · 2018: 188 · 2017: 210 · 2016: 236 · 2015: 230 · 2014: 256 · 2013: 254 · 2012: 240
FWCI: 95.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Cell Death and Differentiation (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
HAL (submittedVersion)
Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
IRIS (submittedVersion)
SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Eye Institute (R01EY005477)
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R56GM072124, R01GM059136, R01GM079431)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
Keywords: apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, mitotic catastrophe, entosis, autophagic cell death, caspase-independent cell death
MeSH terms: Animals, Humans, Terminology as Topic, Cell Death

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Classification of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2009

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